北太平洋冬季天气尺度涡旋的机理分析

利用1981~2013年NOAA（美国国家大气海洋管理局）海温资料和NCEP（美国环境预报中心）大气再分析资料,采用经验正交函数（EOF）分解方法对850 hPa瞬变高度场进行分解发现:850 hPa瞬变高度场经验正交函数分解的前两模态表征同一发展型波动的传播特征,该波动在日本以西形成然后向东发展,沿东偏北移动,在日界线附近发展达到最强,之后迅速向东北衰弱直至消亡,本文将其定义为西部型天气尺度涡旋（WSE）。合成分析表明,西部型天气尺度涡旋的强弱变化与北太平洋大范围的海温、副极地海洋锋异常存在密切联系,当西部型天气尺度涡旋活动偏强时,北太平洋北部和中部的海温显著偏冷,副热带地区海温显著偏暖,副极地海洋锋大大增强。同时,西部型天气尺度涡旋的强度与大气环流异常存在明显的协同变化,表现为西部型天气尺度涡旋偏强对应于阿留申低压增强且位置偏东,中纬度上空纬向西风增强。海洋和大气环流的这种变化增强了西北太平洋上空大气的斜压性,使得有效位能向扰动动能的转换增加,从而有利于西部型天气尺度涡旋的发展。     

东亚—北太平洋大气环流和瞬变扰动的年代际变化

用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了东亚—北太平洋大气环流、大气斜压性和天气尺度瞬变扰动活动的年代际变化特征。东亚—北太平洋地区低层大气温度和比湿及高层的西风急流都存在明显的年代际变化。西风年代际异常与大气斜压性年代际异常之间有密切联系。夏季北太平洋北部到西伯利亚高原上空的天气尺度瞬变扰动活动年代际增强,但夏季低层瞬变热力和瞬变水汽强迫的年代际异常对北太平洋中纬度低层平均温度和比湿年代际异常的作用并不显著。冬季,西太平洋西风急流年代际增强与急流下方大气斜压性年代际增加相一致,使该地区瞬变扰动年代际增强,增强的瞬变扰动将更多能量传送给西风气流,巩固了西风急流的年代际异常。年代际尺度上冬季异常的瞬变热力强迫和瞬变水汽强迫对低层大气温度和比湿异常有显著的削弱作用。     

大气瞬变强迫对冬季西太平洋遥相关型影响

用NCEP/NCAR1948—2005年逐月和逐日资料,分别从天气尺度瞬变热力异常强迫和瞬变动力异常强迫两方面的作用着手,就大气瞬变异常强迫对冬季西太平洋遥相关(WP)型形成的影响进行了初步分析。通过分析表明,在对流层低层,天气尺度瞬变热力异常强迫对冬季WP型的形成主要起削弱作用,而瞬变动力异常强迫对WP型的形成没有明显的加强或削弱作用;在对流层中高层,瞬变热力和动力异常强迫都有助于WP型的形成和维持,而且瞬变动力异常强迫对WP型的形成和维持作用还存在南北非对称性的特点,即瞬变动力异常强迫对WP型的南北偶极子型中北区异常的形成和维持作用显著,而对WP型中的南区异常的形成作用不明显。研究还表明,天气尺度瞬变异常强迫对WP型形成的作用时间是次月尺度的。     

阿留申低压低频变化及其相关的瞬变动力学过程分析

利用NCEP/NCAR 1979—2013年的再分析资料,研究了冬季阿留申低压低频变化的环流特征,探讨了阿留申低压低频变化形成和维持的相关天气尺度瞬变强迫机制。冬季阿留申低压的低频变化在850 h Pa环流场上表现为北太平洋海盆区一个异常气旋/异常反气旋在局地强弱变化的过程,即阿留申低压在低频尺度上先异常增强/减弱随后逐渐恢复正常态的演变过程;850 h Pa上大气温度低频变化表现为低频冷中心在西北太平洋建立并逐渐东移的过程。对天气尺度瞬变扰动活动及其强迫的异常进行分析表明,北太平洋海盆区上空的瞬变动力强迫在阿留申低压异常增强的时期为负异常,有利于阿留申低压低频变化异常空间型的形成和维持。由瞬变热力强迫异常引起的温度倾向异常场表现为北太平洋中部以40°N为界南正—北负的空间分布,其南部正异常在一定程度上抑制和削弱了低频冷中心向南的扩张。     

冬季低纬度热源异常在北半球对流层大气环流异常中的作用

本文首先从理论上讨论了北半球冬季低纬度强迫源与中纬度强迫源强迫所产生的准定常行星波在实际基本气流中传播路径及其振幅分布的差异,指出冬季低纬度热源异常将对北半球中、高纬度对流层大气环流的异常起很大影响,而中纬度热源异常将对平流层环流异常起很大作用。 本文应用一个包括Rayleigh摩擦、Newton冷却及水平涡旋热力扩散准地转34层球坐标模式分别计算了冬季低纬度热源异常与中纬度热源异常所造成北半球扰动系统的异常情况,计算结果表明了冬季低纬度热源异常将对中、高纬度对流层大气环流异常起很大作用,热带太平洋上空热源异常将产生PNA型环流异常。     

黑潮延伸体区域海表温度锋的季节变化对北太平洋风暴轴的影响

利用NOAA最优插值逐日海表温度(SST)资料和NCEP/NCAR的逐日大气再分析资料,本文分析了黑潮延伸体区域海表温度锋的变化对北太平洋风暴轴的影响。结果表明,黑潮延伸体区域海表温度锋位置的季节变化很弱,而其强度的变化则非常显著,北太平洋风暴轴强度与海表温度锋强度具有一致的协同变化。冬季黑潮延伸体区域海表温度锋强度最强,增强了其上空大气的斜压性,从平均有效位能向涡动有效位能的斜压能量转换以及从涡动有效位能向涡动动能的斜压能量转换均在黑潮延伸体区域显著增加,斜压涡旋在此区域生成更加频繁,在随西风向下游运动过程中不断从背景平均流中获得能量,从而导致北太平洋风暴轴增强,且将其中心轴线固定在黑潮延伸体区域上空,而夏季黑潮延伸体区域海表温度锋强度非常弱,其上空大气斜压性减弱,从平均有效位能向涡动有效位能的斜压能量转换以及从涡动有效位能向涡动动能的斜压能量转换均显著减少,斜压涡旋在此区域生成减少,导致北太平洋风暴轴减弱,且中心移至太平洋中部,位置偏北。     

北太平洋冬季海-气耦合的主模态及其与瞬变扰动异常的联系

利用45年的ECMWF再分析资料,使用SVD方法研究了冬季北太平洋地区表层海温(SST)异常与大气环流异常间的主要耦合模态,探讨了大尺度海-气耦合型与天气尺度瞬变扰动的相互关系。分析结果表明,中纬度北太平洋地区冬季存在两种主要的海-气耦合型,第1种耦合型反映了与ENSO紧密相关的中纬度北太平洋冬季海温异常分布型以及大气的PNA型,第2种耦合型SST异常集中在东亚沿海以及中纬度北太平洋海流区,相应的大气场则为暖(冷)SSTA上空东西向带状区域内位势高度偏高(低),明显独立于ENSO型。进一步的合成分析表明,在第1种耦合型SST正(负)异常年里,冬季阿留申低压主体位置偏西南(东北),从东北亚到北美西海岸的西北—东南向带状区域内是低层大气温度正(负)异常区和高层西风负(正)异常区,西风负(正)异常中心位于西风急流出口处的北太平洋中东部,而西风急流主体区的风速变化很小。在第2种耦合型东亚沿海至中纬度北太平洋海流区SST偏暖(冷)时,阿留申低压整体偏弱(强),SST暖(冷)异常上空的大气温度偏暖(冷),高层西风急流区西风偏弱(强)。两种耦合型均显示出在北太平洋中纬度地区大气和海洋的异常相关中心有很好的空间对应性。在两种耦合型下,中纬度北太平洋冬季的大气斜压性也发生截然不同的改变,引起中纬度天气尺度瞬变扰动活动异常。瞬变扰动异常的动力强迫作用对北太平洋西风异常的形成存在正反馈作用,而其热力作用则试图破坏与两种海-气耦合模态相关的大气温度异常型。     

暴雨激发和维持的正、斜压强迫机制的理论研究

针对暴雨天气的发生、发展都伴随着对流层中低层有很强的气流与水汽辐合持续的天气事实，摒弃传统研究中把散度方程局限于水平动力方程约束的观念，从湿斜压原始方程出发，导出了包含热、动力耦合强迫作用的散度演化方程，揭示了正压大气非平衡强迫和湿斜压大气热、动力耦合强迫在暴雨激发和维持中的重要作用，阐明了持续性暴雨过程中对流层中低层强烈的气流与水汽辐合长时间维持的动力机制。     

冬季200 hPa西太平洋急流异常与海表加热和大气瞬变扰动的关系探讨

使用ERA40和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料探讨了冬季200 hPa东亚沿海到太平洋上空西风急流(WPJS)异常与北太平洋冬季海表加热和天气尺度瞬变扰动异常的关系。研究表明,东亚—北太平洋中纬度地区冬季海气系统与天气尺度瞬变扰动活动有十分密切的局地空间匹配型。通过进一步的诊断分析发现,与冬季200 hPa WPJS 3种不同的空间异常型相伴随的北太平洋海表加热异常型和天气尺度扰动异常型也截然不同:第1种空间异常型的西风异常主要发生于日界线以东的中东太平洋上空,而WPJS主体处却没有显著的异常发生,此时,在赤道中东太平洋和北太平洋海盆中部地区有异常的海表加热,西风异常区的瞬变扰动也发生异常变化;第2种空间异常型表现为WPJS主体区西风急流强度的变化,并与黑潮表面加热异常以及WPJS出口处的瞬变扰动活动异常有密切关系;第3种空间异常型显示出WPJS的南北移动,它与以35°N为界的西北太平洋南部和北部海区海表加热异常的正负对比有关系,与此同时,瞬变扰动活动也存在相应的南北移动。一个可能的联系是海表加热异常与大尺度平均气流异常密切关联,从而改变了中纬度大气斜压性,由此导致了瞬变扰动异常,后者通过大气内部动力过程对冬季WPJS异常起维持作用。     

夏季亚洲-太平洋遥相关季节演变与大气环流和降水

利用1981-2007年逐日大气再分析资料和降水资料以及统计分析方法,研究了夏季(5-9月)亚洲与太平洋区域的大气遥相关,并分析了其季节演变与夏季亚洲-太平洋大气环流和亚洲季风区降水的联系.结果表明:在5-9月逐日对流层上层扰动温度场上,亚洲与北太平洋中纬度存在着类似于亚洲太平洋涛动的遥相关现象,即在季节尺度上,当亚洲大陆中纬度对流层上层偏暖时,北太平洋中纬度对流层上层偏冷,反之亦然;亚洲与太平洋对流层上层温度的反位相变化特征也出现在对流层中下层和平流层低层.亚洲-太平洋涛动指数不仅可以指示夏季亚洲与太平洋中纬度纬向热力差异的变化特征,也可以较好地指示亚洲与热带印度洋经向热力差异的变化特征.亚洲-太平洋涛动指数最大值常出现在7月中旬到8月初,并且从1981年到2007年该最大值出现时间有偏早趋势.当夏季亚洲太平洋涛动指数偏高(低)时,亚洲大陆上空的南亚高压和其下方的亚洲大陆低压系统偏强(弱),太平洋副热带高压偏强(弱)并偏北(南),亚洲-非洲上空的热带东风急流和低层的西南风偏强(弱),从印度到中国华南的广大地区、中国华北以及东北亚等地降水偏多(少).     

Mid-latitude atmospheric responses to heat and vorticity forcing using a linear baroclinic model

Based on diagnostic analysis of reanalysis data for 58-year, the distribution characteristics of decadal variability in diabatic heating, transient eddy heating and transient eddy vorticity forcing related to the sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over the North Pacific, as well as their relationship with anomalous atmospheric circulation have been investigated in this paper. A linear baroclinic model(LBM) was used to investigate atmospheric responses to idealized and realistic heat and vorticity forcing anomalies, and then to compare relative roles of different kinds of forcing in terms of geopotential height responses. The results illustrate that the responses of atmospheric height fields to the mid-latitude heating can be either baroclinic or barotropic. The response structure is sensitive to the relative horizontal location of heating with respect to the background jet flow, as well as to the vertical profile of heating. The response to the idealized deep heating over the eastern North Pacific, mimicking the observed heating anomaly, is baroclinic. The atmospheric response to the mid-latitude vorticity forcing is always barotropic, resulting in a geopotential low that is in phase with the forcing. The atmospheric responses to the realistic heat and vorticity forcing show the similar results, suggesting that diabatic heating, transient eddy heating and transient eddy vorticity forcing can all cause atmospheric anomalies and that the vorticity forcing plays a relatively more important role in maintaining the equivalent-barotropic structure of geopotential height anomalies.     

An analysis on observed and simulated PNA associated atmospheric diabatic heating

This study examines the PNA associated atmospheric diabatic heating by linearly isolating the influence of ENSO. The analysis is based on the NCEP–NCAR and ERA-40 reanalyses and a 1,000-year-long integration of the CCCma coupled climate model. Both the vertically integrated and three-dimensional diabatic heating are examined. The Rossby wave sources in association with the PNA are also diagnosed. The PNA-related heating is confined outside the tropics and is dominated by anomalies in the eastern Pacific, with a north–south dipole structure in mid-latitudes and the northern subtropics. The heating anomalies change sign with height in mid-latitudes but have the same sign throughout the troposphere in the northern subtropics. Relatively weak heating anomalies also appear in mid-latitudes, downstream of the heating dipole over North America and the western North Atlantic. The heating anomalies are largely supported by the advections related to the mean state throughout the troposphere, and partially damped by the advections related to the eddy effect, particularly at the upper troposphere over the North Pacific. Broadly similar patterns are seen from the NCEP–NCAR and ERA-40 reanalyses. Yet anomalous heating centers are generally located at relatively lower troposphere for the ERA-40 with respect to the NCEP–NCAR. The tropical heating anomalies are rather weak, remarkably different from those related to ENSO variability. In addition, the Rossby wave source collocates with the atmospheric diabatic forcing in the mid-high latitudes over the PNA sector, and shows no forcing source in the tropics. The results demonstrate possible forcing in the mid-high latitudes, regardless of tropical heating for the PNA teleconnection. The modeled heating and wave forcing anomalies in association with the modeled PNA compare reasonably well with the reanalysis-based estimates, increasing confidence in the observational results. The analysis provides further evidence of the independence of the PNA on ENSO from the diabatic heating point of view.     

冬季北太平洋风暴轴的年代际变化特征及其可能影响机制

利用1958-2002年的ERA-40再分析资料,用谐波变换和EOF方法分析了冬季北太平洋风暴轴在年代际时间尺度上的变化特征,并通过回归分析的方法初步探讨了风暴轴年代际变化的可能影响机制.结果表明,在年代际时间尺度上,北太平洋风暴轴有两种主要模态,第1模态是风暴轴在其气候平均位置增强或减弱的主体一致变化型,其年代际变化受到上游涡旋强迫的影响,北大西洋强(弱)的涡旋活动,使得冬季北太平洋西风急流减弱(增强)、变宽(窄)、北抬(南压),同期北太平洋风暴轴活动偏强(弱),黑潮延续体区海表温度有偏暖(冷)的响应;第2模态是风暴轴中东部在气候平均位置南北两侧振荡的经向异常型,与太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)循环的暖(冷)位相相联系,下垫面海温非绝热加热的作用,激发加强(减弱)大气中类太平洋/北美遥相关型(PNA)的响应,引起大气斜压性异常偏南(北),使得风暴轴整体南压(北抬),且中东部向东南(北)方向移动.因此,冬季北太平洋风暴轴的年代际变化不仅是局地波-流相互作用的结果,还应考虑上游涡旋活动和海温热力强迫的作用.     

Local kinetic energy budget of high-frequency and intermediate-frequency eddies: winter climatology and interannual variability

The local budget of eddy kinetic energy (EKE) for both high-frequency (HF, 2–6 days) and intermediate-frequency (IF, 7–29 days) eddies are evaluated for Northern Hemisphere boreal winter using the 31-year (1979/80–2010/11) NCEP-DOE reanalysis. A new form of EKE equation is used to isolate the kinetic energy generation/destruction due to interactions among eddies of different timescales. The main source of HF EKE is baroclinic conversion that is concentrated in the mid-lower troposphere. Barotropic conversion mainly damps HF EKE and shows positive contributions to IF EKE on the northern flank of the winter-mean tropospheric jet. Interaction between HF and IF eddies acts as a sink for HF EKE and a main source for IF EKE, especially over the eastern ocean basins, confirming the substantial role of synoptic-scale transients in the development of IF phenomena such as atmospheric blocking. Large interannual variability is found for various EKE budget terms. The HF EKE response to El Niño is characterized by a dipole (tri-pole) anomaly over the North Pacific (North Atlantic). Baroclinic conversion is the main driver of the observed changes in HF EKE while barotropic conversion, interaction between HF and IF eddies, and energy flux convergence all play non-negligible roles in determining the final meridional structure of the HF EKE anomalies. Associated with El Niño, IF EKE generally decreases over the North Pacific and increases over the North Atlantic, which mainly result from changes in baroclinic conversion and EKE conversion due to eddy–eddy interactions. The latter is dominated by interaction between IF and LF (low-frequency, 30–90 days) eddies over the North Pacific, and by interactions between HF and IF eddies, and between IF and LF eddies over the North Atlantic.     

大气对黑潮延伸区中尺度海洋涡旋的响应——冬季暖、冷涡个例分析

采用动态合成、带通滤波等方法,通过对冬季黑潮延伸区暖、冷两个中尺度海洋涡旋的分析,研究了大气对中尺度海洋涡旋的响应特征。结果表明,海表温度（SST）与近海面风速的正相关关系在涡旋的动态合成图上清晰可见,暖（冷）涡上空对应10 m风速的极大（小）值,即海洋对大气的强迫作用在日时间尺度上表现显著;SST高低值中心基本对应10 m风无辐散区,暖（冷）涡上空为异常正（负）涡度分布;暖（冷）涡上空潜热、感热通量增大（减小）,降低（增大）大气稳定度,从而加强（减弱）边界层垂直混合作用,使得海洋大气边界层增厚（变薄）。暖（冷）涡旋上空对应摩擦速度极大（小）值,反映了湍流粘性力在高（低）海温中心增大（减小）的特征,表明动量垂直混合机制在中小尺度海气相互作用中起着主要作用。中尺度海洋涡旋能够影响大气瞬变扰动,大气瞬变扰动强度在暖（冷）涡下游上空出现极大（小）值,该影响不仅表现在海洋大气边界层,在自由大气中低层也有较为清晰的反映。此外,从能量转换的角度入手,发现斜压能量转换在中尺度海洋涡旋影响大气瞬变扰动强度中贡献明显。     

全球月平均高度距平场正斜压性的分析(Ⅱ)——与遥相关型的联系

利用欧洲中心全球客观分析的7层月平均位势高度距平资料,计算了几种大气环流遥相关型指数与各层位势高度距平的相关系数分布。发现:大气环流异常的正压、斜压性的地理差异与遥相关型的垂直结构关系密切。综合经验正交函数分析,结果亦然。     

全球月平均高度距平场正斜压性的分析（Ⅱ）—与遥相关型的联系

利用欧洲中心全球客观分析的７层月平均位势高度距平资料，计算了几种大气环流遥相关型指数与各层位势高度距平的相关系数分布。发现：大气环流异常的正压，斜压性的地理差异与遥相关型的垂直结构关系密切。综合经验正交函数分析，结果亦然。     

SST THERMAL FORCING – A DISCUSSION ON THE MECHANISM OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION

Dynamic and numerical methods are used to discuss the atmospheric response to SST thermal forcing. The results show that for planetary scale systems, the standing SST thermal forcing can quickly excite a stable atmospheric equilibrium state response, which is characterized by obvious large-scale teleconnection oscillation in east-west and south-north directions. For synoptic scale systems, the SST thermal forcing mainly excites the atmospheric low-frequency oscillation. Some basic relation and dynamic processes between SST thermal forcing and atmospheric response pattern are revealed and some new viewpoints are presented.     

Non—Acceleration theorem in a primitive equation system: I. Acceleration of zonal mean flow

Non-acceleration theorem in a primitive equation system is developed to investigate the influences of waves on the mean flow variation against external forcing. Numerical results show that mechanical forcing overwhelms thermal forcing in maintaining the mean flow in which the internal mechanical forcing associated with horizontal eddy flux of momentum plays the most important roles. Both internal forcing and external forcing are shown to be active and at the first place for the mean flow variations, whereas the forcing-induced mean meridional circulation is passive and secondary. It is also shown that the effects on mean flow of external mechanical forcing are concentrated in the lower troposphere, whereas those due to wave-mean flow interaction are more important in the upper troposphere. These act together and result in the vertically easterly shear in low latitudes and westerly shear in mid-latitudes. This verti-cal shear of mean flow is to some extent weakened by thermal forcing.