Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Fiskenaesset anorthosite complex,southern West Greenland: Nature of the parent magma

The petrogenesis of the Fiskenaesset anorthosite body has been investigated using major and trace element data for a large range of rock types from each zone of the complex. The chemistry of these ultramafic to anorthositic cumulates is interpreted in terms of crystal fractionation of a parental, trace element impoverished, tholeiitic magma, involving crystallisation of the cumulus phases olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and (dominant) plagioclase feldspar. Amphibole appears not to have been a significant cumulus phase at any stage of crystallisation of the body, the abundant amphibole found in the rocks of the complex being produced by primary intercumulus crystallisation, supplemented by secondary metamorphic recrystallisation. Similarly, magnetite is unlikely to have been a significant early cumulus phase, although, together with chromite, it crystallised as a cumulus phase at high stratigraphic levels in the complex. The metamorphism appears to be largely isochemical, although sub-solidus metamorphic re-equilibration of the REE can be demonstrated on a grain-size scale.The spatial and temporal association between the anorthosite complex and the bordering metavolcanic amphibolites is matched by a strong similarity between the observed trace element chemistry of the amphibolites and the trace element chemistry of calculated successive liquids for the complex. This is taken to suggest a genetic relationship between the evolution of the anorthosite complex and enclosing amphibolites. The presence of trace element impoverished amphibolites (which are not cumulates) with trace element abundances comparable to those of the suggested parental liquid to the anorthosite complex, is used to derive a major element composition for the primary Fiskenasset magma. This composition approximates a moderately aluminous tholeiitic basalt, which may have been generated by hydrous fusion of previously depleted mantle. This primary magma underwent crystal fractionation under low pressure conditions, allowing the development of extensive plagioclase cumulates.The Fiskenaesset anorthosite, and similar bodies, cannot represent a cumulate residue complementary to the enclosing voluminous tonalitic gneisses, which have a calc-alkaline chemistry controlled by high pressure crystal liquid fractionation. Rather, the association between the cumulate layered complex and bordering supracrustal sequence may imply an ancient ocean crust analogue for the development of this component of Archaean high-grade terrains. It is suggested that slices of such Archaean ocean floor may be emplaced laterally into the base of the continental crust during subduction of oceanic lithosphere at Cordilleran type continental margins.     

Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Archaean metavolcanic amphibolites from Fiskenaesset,S. W. Greenland

The meta-volcanic amphibolites closely associated with the Fiskenaesset anorthosite complex can be subdivided on the basis of trace element patterns or mineral chemistry; by far the most abundant type has light rare-earth element (LREE) depleted REE patterns and displays a wide range in trace element abundances. Chemically comparable amphibolites can be recognised throughout the ca. 2800 M.yr. West Greenland terrain.The geochemistry of the basaltic amphibolites is dominantly controlled by fractional crystallisation processes, although variable degrees of partial melting may also be important. The required crystal extract (plagioclase dominated) in the proposed fractionation scheme is very similar to the primary mineralogy of cumulates of the Fiskenaesset complex and trace element models support a genetic relationship between the anorthosite complex and enclosing host amphibolites.The application of trace element discrimination to assign tectonic environment in the Archaean is arguable. However, details of the trace element chemistry (especially chondritic La/Ta ratios) are taken to suggest, out of a range of likely tectonic environments, an ocean floor, rather than island arc, affinity for the Fiskenaesset amphibolites. The large ion lithophile (LIL) elements display erratic distribution patterns, but are generally enriched relative to the REE. This appears not to be related to high-grade metamorphism but may be a relict feature of seafloor alteration. The association of the cumulate sequence with meta-volcanic amphibolites and metasediments probably represents an ocean floor assemblage emplaced into the lower crust during crustal accretion.     

Sr isotopes and trace element geochemistry of the impact melt and target rocks at the Mistastin Lake crater,Labrador

The Mistastin Lake meteorite crater lies completely within a batholith composed of mangerite and adamellite with lenses of anorthosite and is located in central Labrador. The multivariate statistical technique of correspondence analysis was used to summarize the relationships between the different rock units for the trace elements Nb, Zr, Y, Sr, Rb, Th, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni. The samples of impact melt form a linear array of points on a factor plot joining the anorthosite samples to the mangerite and adamellite samples. This indicates that the various melt samples can be formed as a result of the complete fusion of different proportions of anorthosite and granitic rocks. A least-squares mixing model utilizing the average trace element composition of the four rock types indicates that an average melt rock can be formed by mixing 60% anorthosite, 38% mangerite and 2% adamellite. An isochron obtained on the combined mangerite and adamellite units of the batholith gives an age of 1347 ±15 m.y. (1σ) with an initial ratio of 0.7082 ± 0.0003. The anorthosite samples plot below the isochron and the melt rocks fall along a mixing line joining the locus of anorthosite points to an average granite sample on the isochron. This is a further indication that the melt was formed by melting of anorthosite and granitic rocks that form the local geological environment.     

Feldspathic hornblende and garnet granulites and associated anorthosite pegmatites from Doubtful Sound,Fiordland, New Zealand

Feldspathic hornblende granulites from Doubtful Sound, New Zealand with the assemblage plagioclase+hornblende+clinopyroxene+orthopy-roxene +oxide+apatite are criss-crossed by a network of garnetiferous anorthosite veins and pegmatites. The feldspathic gneiss in contact with anorthosite has a reaction zone containing the assemblage plagioclase +garnet+clinopyroxene+quartz+rutile+apatite. The garnet forms distinctive coronas around clinopyroxene. The origin of these rocks is discussed in the light of mineral and whole rock chemical analyses and published experimental work.It is thought that under conditions leading up to 750 °C, 8 kb load pressure and 5 kb H₂O pressure, partial melting occured in feldspathic hornblende granulites. The melt migrated into extensional fractures and eventually crystallised as anorthosite pegmatites and veins. The gneisses adjacent to the pegmatites from which the melt was extracted changed composition slightly, by the loss of H₂O and Na₂O, so that plagioclase reacted simultaneously with hornblende, orthopyroxene, and oxide to form garnet, clinopyroxene, quartz and rutile.     

西南天山超高压变质带的两类石榴角闪岩

角闪岩是西南天山超高压变质带变基性岩的常见岩石类型之一.野外关系和矿物反应结构表明,大多数角闪岩是由榴辉岩或蓝片岩受到不同程度的钠长绿帘角闪岩相退变质叠加形成的.但对于一些平衡结构发育良好且孤立产出的角闪岩类型（如石榴角闪岩）仍缺乏系统的岩石学研究.本次从岩相学、矿物成分以及热力学模拟几个方面对哈布腾苏河下游地区超高压带内不含钠长石的石榴角闪岩开展了详细的工作.这些石榴角闪岩的主要矿物为绿色角闪石（钙质-钠钙质闪石）、帘石（黝帘石-绿帘石）和石榴石,三者总体积占80%~90%,明显有别于大多数由榴辉岩退变而成的含有钠长石变斑晶的石榴角闪岩.虽然这些角闪岩化学成分十分相近,都具有富钙贫钠和高的Mg/（Mg+Fe）比值,但在结构、构造和矿物组成等方面存在显著差异,据此将它们划分为两类.第一类角闪岩基质中不含石英,保存在变斑晶中的少量残余矿物组合为石榴石+绿辉石+硬柱石+蓝闪石+金红石,指示峰期硬柱石榴辉岩相变质条件,富钛矿物全部为金红石.第二类角闪岩强烈面理化,面理由绿色角闪石、绿帘石和绿泥石以及条带状石英集合体构成.石榴石粒度呈双峰式分布,粗粒比细粒低钙低锰.基质和包体中均未发现高压变质特征矿物绿辉石和蓝闪石.富钛矿物以榍石为主,金红石和钛铁矿仅存在于个别石榴石中.两类角闪岩的石榴石成分具有较大区分度,前者的钙含量较高而镁含量较低.P-T视剖面计算显示它们的峰期条件为480~520 ℃,30~33 kbar,均达到超高压范围,与哈布腾苏河下游及以西地区的榴辉岩相似,表明西南天山超高压变基性岩构成沿中天山南缘断裂延伸数十千米的独立地质单元,不存在所谓的俯冲隧道混杂现象.      

Metamorphic history of eclogites and country rock gneisses in the Aktyuz area,Northern Tien‐Shan,Kyrgyzstan: a record from initiation of subduction through to oceanic closure by continent–continent collision

Eclogites and related high‐P metamorphic rocks occur in the Zaili Range of the Northern Kyrgyz Tien‐Shan (Tianshan) Mountains, which are located in the south‐western segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Eclogites are preserved in the cores of garnet amphibolites and amphibolites that occur in the Aktyuz area as boudins and layers (up to 2000 m in length) within country rock gneisses. The textures and mineral chemistry of the Aktyuz eclogites, garnet amphibolites and country rock gneisses record three distinct metamorphic events (M1–M3). In the eclogites, the first MP–HT metamorphic event (M1) of amphibolite/epidote‐amphibolite facies conditions (560–650 °C, 4–10 kbar) is established from relict mineral assemblages of polyphase inclusions in the cores and mantles of garnet, i.e. Mg‐taramite + Fe‐staurolite + paragonite ± oligoclase (An_<16) ± hematite. The eclogites also record the second HP‐LT metamorphism (M2) with a prograde stage passing through epidote‐blueschist facies conditions (330–570 °C, 8–16 kbar) to peak metamorphism in the eclogite facies (550–660 °C, 21–23 kbar) and subsequent retrograde metamorphism to epidote‐amphibolite facies conditions (545–565 °C and 10–11 kbar) that defines a clockwise P–T path. thermocalc (average P–T mode) calculations and other geothermobarometers have been applied for the estimation of P–T conditions. M3 is inferred from the garnet amphibolites and country rock gneisses. Garnet amphibolites that underwent this pervasive HP–HT metamorphism after the eclogite facies equilibrium have a peak metamorphic assemblage of garnet and pargasite. The prograde and peak metamorphic conditions of the garnet amphibolites are estimated to be 600–640 °C; 11–12 kbar and 675–735 °C and 14–15 kbar, respectively. Inclusion phases in porphyroblastic plagioclase in the country rock gneisses suggest a prograde stage of the epidote‐amphibolite facies (477 °C and 10 kbar). The peak mineral assemblage of the country rock gneisses of garnet, plagioclase (An_11–16), phengite, biotite, quartz and rutile indicate 635–745 °C and 13–15 kbar. The P–T conditions estimated for the prograde, peak and retrograde stages in garnet amphibolite and country rock are similar, implying that the third metamorphic event in the garnet amphibolites was correlated with the metamorphism in the country rock gneisses. The eclogites also show evidence of the third metamorphic event with development of the prograde mineral assemblage pargasite, oligoclase and biotite after the retrograde epidote‐amphibolite facies metamorphism. The three metamorphic events occurred in distinct tectonic settings: (i) metamorphism along the hot hangingwall at the inception of subduction, (ii) subsequent subduction zone metamorphism of the oceanic plate and exhumation, and (iii) continent–continent collision and exhumation of the entire metamorphic sequences. These tectonic processes document the initial stage of closure of a palaeo‐ocean subduction to its completion by continent–continent collision.     

Oceanic and riftogenic metavolcanic associations of greenstone belts in the northwestern part of the Sharyzhalgai Uplift, Baikal region

The Onot and Bulun terranes are confined to the Sharyzhalgai Uplift in the southwestern margin of the Siberian craton. They consist of alternating blocks and nappes of Paleoarchean tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite complex and supracrustal metasedimentary-volcanogenic rocks of greenstone belts (GSB). The lower part of the Onot GSB is made up of a bimodal association of aporhyolite microgneisses with subordinate amphibolites, while the upper part consists of amphibolites associated with banded iron formation, metapelites, dolomitic marbles, and magnesites. The Urik GSB in the Bulun block comprises three rock associations: (1) garnet amphibolites and amphibolites alternating with kyanite-bearing mica schists and quartzite schists; (2) garnet-bearing biotite and amphibole crystalline schists with tectonic lenses of garnet amphibolites; (3) biotite and amphibole-biotite orthogneisses and biotite plagiogneisses. The microgneisses (metarhyolitoids) of the Onot belt are correlated with within-plate volcanic rocks and A-type granites. The composition of the amphibolites corresponds to high-Mg low-Ti tholeiitic basalts. The formation of metavolcanic rocks of the Onot GSB was related to the rifting of the Paleoarchean continental crust, which is supported by the formation of felsic metavolcanic rocks from an ancient tonalite source and by the geochemical signatures of crustal contamination of metabasalts. The amphibolites of the Urik GSB are subdivided into three petrogeochemical types. The first and second types correspond to high-and low-Mg tholeiitic basalts and have practically flat multielement patterns. The amphibolites of the third type correspond to subalkaline leucobasalts. Two types of orthogneisses are comparable with intermediate-acid volcanic rocks of the andesite-dacite and adakite series. In terms of geochemistry, the metamafic volcanic rocks of the Urik GSB represent the rocks of the oceanic crust. Oceanic settings of their formation are confirmed by an association of metavolcanic rocks with abyssal distal siliceous-argillaceous deposits. The formation of two types of intermediate-acid metavolcanic rocks of andesite-dacite and adakite associations, as well as garnet-bearing paraschists, was presumably related to subduction settings.     

Petrogenesis of massif-type anorthosite complex, Gruber, Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica： Implications for magma source and evolution

The origin of anorthosite and associated igneous gabbronorite and ferrodiorite was investigated through detailed study of a typical massif-type anorthosite complex from Gruber, Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. Field observations showed that the Gruber Complex is made up of gabbronorite-anorthosite pluton which was intruded by ferrodiorite dykes. Systematic samples collected from the Gruber Complex revealed significant geochemical variations within the region. Four rock types have been identified, based on modal proportions of mineral phases and their geochemistry data. Clinopyroxene-gabbronorite and plagioclase-gabbronorite are the two types of gabbronorite with the dominance of clinopyroxene and plagioclase, respectively. Anorthosite is represented by rocks having predominance of plagioclase with minor clinopyroxene. Ferrodiorite is characterized by modal abundance of orthopyroxene and Fe-Ti oxide. Major and trace element systematics showed that all the four rock types are co-magmatic and are related through fractional crystallization. Based on this study, it is reported that clinopyroxene was the first phase to crystallize followed by plagioclase and then Fe-Ti oxides. Furthermore, trace element composition of the parental melt was calculated using LA-ICPMS analysis of the most primitive, pure clinopyroxene found in the clinopyroxene gabbronorite. Our analyses suggested that the parental melt was similar to that of continental arc basalt and showed signatures of subduction-related metasomatism. Based on mineral chemical and geochemical data, it is interpreted that the parent melt went through changing sequence of crystallization which led to the formation of massive anorthosite.     

江西弋阳地区斜长角闪岩与浙江陈蔡群斜长角闪岩地球化学特征及成因的对比

江西弋阳存在与浙江陈蔡群相对应的两类斜长角闪岩 ,Ⅰ类为由拉斑玄武质岩石变质而成的正变质岩 ,Ⅱ类为由白云质泥灰岩经变质而成的副变质岩。通过对两地斜长角闪岩原岩的化学成分、微量元素、稀土元素、同位素及同位素年代学的对比研究 ,发现浙江陈蔡群的Ⅰ类斜长角闪岩原岩为大洋拉斑玄武岩 ,江西弋阳Ⅰ类斜长角闪岩原岩为岛弧拉斑玄武岩 ;显示两地Ⅰ类斜长角闪岩产出于不同的构造环境 ,并于晋宁期、加里东期、印支期共同受构造作用影响。     

Precambrian tholeiitic-dacitic rock-suites and Cambrian ultramafic rocks in the Pennine nappe system of the Alps: Evidence from Sm-Nd isotopes and rare earth elements

Major element, trace element and Sm-Nd isotope analyses were made of polymetamorphic hornblendefelses, plagioclase amphibolites and banded amphibolites from the Berisal complex in the Simplon area (Italy, Switzerland) to determine their age, origin and genetic relationships. In light of major and rare earth element data, the hornblendefelses are inferred to have originally been pyroxene-rich cumulates, the plagioclase amphibolites and the dark layers of the banded amphibolites to have been tholeiitic basalts and the light layers dacites. The Sm-Nd isotope data yield isochron ages of 475±81 Ma for the hornblendefelses, 1,018±59 Ma for the plagioclase amphibolites and 1,071±43 Ma for the banded amphibolites. The 1 Ga magmatic event is the oldest one ever found in the crystalline basement of the Pennine nappes. The Sm -Nd isotope data support the consanguinity of the tholeiitic dark layers and the dacitic light layers of the banded amphibolites with the tholeiitic plagioclase amphibolites and the ultramafic hornblendefelses.The initial _Nd values indicate that all three rock types originated from sources depleted in light rare earth elements. We suggest that plagioclase and banded amphibolites were a Proterozoic tholeiite-dacite sequence that was strongly deformed and flattened during subsequent folding. The hornblendefelses are thought to be Cambrian intrusions of pyroxene-rich material.     

晓天卢镇关岩群斜长角闪岩类地球化学特征及其与金矿的成因关系

通过斜长角闪岩类岩石学特征,岩石地球化学特征、微量元素、稀土元素数据进行计算与分析,探讨了其成因类型及变质岩原岩恢复,属于中基性—中酸性火山岩。晓天火山沉积洼地中火山岩、火山碎屑岩在稀土元素特征曲线的相似性确定火山岩物源来源于基底岩系卢镇关岩群中基性—中酸性火山岩。根据斜长角闪岩、火山岩、火山碎屑岩含金丰度的研究,认为区内金矿床的成矿物质与卢镇关岩群中斜长角闪岩类岩石存在密切关系,其物源主要为卢镇关岩群中斜长角闪岩类。     

The Chimalpahad anorthosite Complex and associated basaltic amphibolites,Nellore Schist Belt,India: Magma chamber and roof of a Proterozoic island arc

New major and trace element data on the Proterozoic Chimalpahad layered anorthositic Complex and associated basaltic amphibolites of the Nellore Schist Belt of South India provide new constraints on their petrogenesis and geodynamic setting. The Complex consists of layered anorthosites, leucogabbros, gabbros, ultramafic rocks and is spatially associated with basaltic amphibolites. Despite deformation and metamorphism, primary cumulate textures and igneous layering are locally well preserved throughout the Complex. Whereas the amphibolites display diverse REE systematics, the Chimalpahad anorthositic–gabbroic rocks are characterized by moderately depleted to strongly enriched LREE patterns and by flat to depleted HREE patterns. The field relations, major and trace element compositions of the basaltic amphibolites suggest that they are petrogenetically related to the anorthositic–gabbroic rocks by fractional crystallization. The anorthositic rocks and the basaltic amphibolites share the depletion of Nb relative to Th and La on primitive mantle-normalized diagrams. They exhibit signatures of arc magmatic rocks, such as high LILE and LREE relative to the HFSE and HREE, as well as high Ba/Nb, Ba/Zr, Sr/Y, La/Yb ratios that mimic chondrite-normalized REE and primitive mantle-normalized trace element patterns of arc magmas. Similarly, on log-transformed tectonic discrimination diagrams, the Chimalpahad rocks plot within the field of Phanerozoic magmatic arcs, consistent with a subduction zone origin. On the basis of field relations and geochemical characteristics, the Chimalpahad Complex is interpreted as a fragment of a magma chamber of an island arc, which is tectonically juxtaposed against its original volcanic cover. A new preliminary Sm–Nd date of anorthosite from the Chimalpahad Complex indicates a model age of 1170 Ma.     

Geochemical and SIMS U-Pb rutile and LA–ICP–MS U-Pb zircon geochronological evidence of the tectonic evolution of the Mudanjiang Ocean from amphibolites of the Heilongjiang Complex,NE China

This study presents new secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) rutile and laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) zircon U-Pb geochronological and whole-rock geochemical data for amphibolites of the Heilongjiang Complex, located within the Yilan area of NE China, to constrain the tectonic evolution of the Mudanjiang Ocean between the Songnen–Zhangguangcai Range and Jiamusi massifs. Magmatic zircon from amphibolites collected from the Yilan Marble Quarry yields a weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 274 ± 2 Ma, which is interpreted as the protolithic age. Amphibolites from the Longlangang and Tuanshanzi areas yield rutile U-Pb ages of 177 ± 11 Ma and 172 ± 5 Ma, respectively, which are interpreted to reflect the cooling of these rocks below the closure temperature of Pb diffusion in rutile. Amphibolites from the Yilan Marble Quarry are enriched in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and depleted in high field strength elements (HFSEs; e.g., Nb, Ta and P) relative to large ion lithophile elements (LILEs). Amphibolites from the Longlangang and Tuanshanzi areas have relatively flat chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns, and remarkable negative Nb and Ta anomalies. Moreover, all of the amphibolites from the Heilongjiang Complex in the Yilan area have tholeiitic and arc-type geochemical affinities. These amphibolites formed by similar petrogenetic processes, but from distinct mantle sources. The magmas that formed these units were generated by the partial melting of mantle sources metasomatized by subducted slab fluids, and the magma that formed the amphibolites within the Yilan Marble Quarry may have also incorporated sedimentary material. Mantle peridotite from the garnet-spinel transition zone is a possible source for the protolith of amphibolites in the Yilan Marble Quarry, and spinel-peridotites may have been the magma sources for the protoliths of amphibolites in the Longlangang and Tuanshanzi areas. Combining our data for amphibolites from the Heilongjiang Complex in the Yilan area with the results of previous research on Late Paleozoic–Early Mesozoic arc magmatism and metamorphism, we infer that the Late Paleozoic–Early Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the Mudanjiang Ocean was characterized by double-sided subduction. These data indicate that the Mudanjiang Ocean closed during the Jurassic (180–160 Ma).     

Compositional dependence of the coexisting pyroxene iron-magnesium distribution coefficient

Iron-magnesium distribution coefficients for coexisting ortho- and clinopyroxene in 22 amphibolites from the New Jersey Precambrian Highlands range from 1.40 to 1.90. No systematic areal variation of the distribution coefficient is discernable within a 700 mi² area. The distribution coefficient is, however, systematically related to pyroxene composition. The distribution coefficient tends to increase with increasing pyroxene weight % FeO (Fe as FeO) and decrease with increasing MgO and Al₂O₃. Data from other workers indicates that the distribution coefficient versus pyroxene composition trends found in the Highlands amphibolites are also present in both igneous and metamorphic rock suites from several other areas. Possible influence of pyroxene CaO on the distribution coefficient is also indicated. The Highlands amphibolite type trends are, however, directly opposite to those previously reported for Australian granulites. Both types of trends are apparently valid since both are present in at least one instance in metamorphic rocks from a relatively small area. The causes for the development of the two types of trends are imperfectly understood. Data presented indicates, however, that the New Jersey amphibolite type trends are apparently more characteristic of Fe-poor pyroxenes, whereas, the Australian granulite type trends are more characteristic of Fe-rich pyroxenes.The distribution coefficient in the Highlands amphibolites is also systematically related to bulk-rock composition due to the sympathetic variation of pyroxene Fe-Mg content with total rock MgO/FeO(Fe as FeO). The observed range of the distribution coefficient in the Highlands amphibolites may, consequently, mostly reflect variation in bulk-rock composition and not variation in crystallization temperature.     

Transformation of garnet epidote amphibolite to eclogite, western Dabie Mountains, China

Omphacite and garnet coronas around amphibole occur in amphibolites in the Hong'an area, western Dabie Mountains, China. These amphibolites consist of an epidote–amphibolite facies assemblage of amphibole, garnet, albite, clinozoisite, paragonite, ilmenite and quartz, which is incompletely overprinted by an eclogite facies assemblage of garnet, omphacite and rutile. Coronas around amphibole can be divided into three types: an omphacite corona; a garnet–omphacite–rutile corona; and, a garnet–omphacite corona with less rutile. Chemographic analysis for local reaction domains in combination with petrographical observations show that reactions Amp + Ab + Pg = Omp +Czo + Qtz + H₂O, and Amp + Ab = Omp ± Czo + Qtz + H₂O may lead to the development of omphacite coronas. The garnet–omphacite–rutile corona was formed from the reaction Amp + Ab + Czo + Ilm ± Qtz = Omp + Grt + Rt + H₂O. In garnet–omphacite coronas, the garnet corona grew during an early stage of epidote amphibolite facies metamorphism, whereas omphacite probably formed by the reactions forming the omphacite corona during the eclogite facies stage. It is estimated that these reactions occurred at 0.8–1.4 GPa and 480–610 °C using the garnet–clinopyroxene thermometer and omphacite barometer in the presence of albite.     

Constraints on crustal hydration below the Colorado plateau from Vp measurements on crustal xenoliths

Seismic velocities have been measured as a function of confining pressure to 8 kbar for crustal xenoliths from the Moses Rock Dike and Mule Ear Diatreme, two kimberlite pipes on the Colorado Plateau. Rock types measured include rhyolite, granite, diorite, metasedimentary schists and gneisses, mafic amphibolites and granulites. Many of our samples have been hydrothermally altered to greenschist facies mineral assemblages during transport to the earth's surface. The velocity of compressional waves measured on altered amphibolites and granulites are too low by 0.1–0.3 km/s for such rock types to be characteristic of deep crustal levels. A direct correlation exists between progressive alteration and the presence of microcracks extending into the xenoliths from the kimberlitic host rock. Velocities of pristine samples are compatible with existing velocity profiles for the Colorado Plateau and we conclude that the crust at depths greater than 15 km has probably not undergone a greenschist facies metamorphic event. The xenolith suite reflects a crustal profile similar to that exposed in the Ivrea-Verbano and Strona-Ceneri zones in northern Italy.     

河南嵩山地区新太古代斜长角闪岩的地球化学特征与成因

嵩山地区登封群是华北克拉通南部古老结晶基底的重要组成部分,由一套火山-沉积成因的表壳岩系组成,形成于新太古代.斜长角闪质岩石广泛发育于登封群表壳岩中,同时,也以包体形式普遍存在于TTG片麻岩体内部.二者主量元素差别不大,SiO_2含量为45%～63%,富Fe_2O_3、Al_2O_3、CaO,TiO_2(0.5%～1.11%)含量较低,原岩为亚碱性玄武岩、安山岩.二者的微量元素特征稍有差别,登封群斜长角闪岩REE配分形式平坦,轻重稀土基本无分异((La/Yb)_N=0.99～2.07),基本无Eu异常(δEu≈1);Ti负异常,Nb、Ta、Y负异常不明显,Ba、Sr呈现正异常,显示洋中脊和岛弧拉斑玄武岩特征;在Cr-Y、Ta/Yb-Th/Yb、Zr/Y-Nb/Y图解中位于洋中脊向岛弧玄武岩的过渡区域;ε_(Nd)(t)=4.43,显示源岩来自亏损地幔.而TTG片麻岩中斜长角闪岩包体的LREE富集,Eu负异常明显(δEu)=0.46～0.87);大离子亲石元素Rb、Cs、Ba明显高于登封群中的斜长角闪岩,除了Ti含量稍低外,Zr、Nb和Y含量范围和登封群斜长角闪岩相似,Nb、Ta和Y呈负异常,具有岛弧玄武岩特征;ε_(Nd)(t)=2.56和4.08,显示源岩来自亏损地幔,反映有地壳物质的混染.登封群斜长角闪岩及斜长角闪岩包体原岩的源区物质有所不同,在汇聚板块边缘洋壳俯冲条件下,前者是地幔楔部分熔融的产物,形成于弧后盆地环境;后者可能是随着俯冲作用的进行,小部分板片熔融开始发生,形成的熔浆混染亏损地幔部分熔融形成的熔浆.地球化学特征显示登封群形成的地球动力学背景是汇聚板块边缘洋壳的俯冲,反映当时陆壳以水平方式增生.     

隐藏在苏鲁地体斜长角闪岩锆石中超高压变质作用的信息

运用激光拉曼和阴极发光技术，配备电子探针测试，发现苏鲁地体地表露头和中国大陆科学钻探工程预先导孔CCSD-PP1和CCSD-PP2斜长角闪岩锆石中均保存以柯石英为代表的典型超高压矿物组合：柯石英 石榴石 绿辉石 金红石；柯石英 石榴石 绿辉石；柯石英 石榴石 绿辉石 多硅白云母 金红石 磷灰石；柯石英 绿辉石 金红石；柯石英 菱镁矿。该类矿物包体组合与苏鲁地体超高压榴辉岩的峰期矿物组合十分相似，表明斜长角闪岩可能是由超高压变质的榴辉岩在构造抬升过程中退变质而成。     

辽西太古代建平变质杂岩的地球化学和变质作用的PTt轨迹

太古代建平变质杂岩主要由高Na/K比的、原岩为英云闪长岩-奥长花岗岩-花岗闪长岩系列(TTG)侵入岩的中性麻粒岩和片麻岩、少量变沉积岩、基性麻粒岩、斜长角闪岩和变超基性岩组成。各类岩石具有明显不同的地球化学特征。结合野外关系考虑,斜长角闪岩和基性麻粒岩可与世界其他高级区内的变质拉斑玄武岩对比;TTG片麻岩,中性麻粒岩、紫苏花岗岩和斜长质片麻岩可能由镁铁质源岩部分熔融而成。变质作用的演化轨迹为反时针型。因此,本区可与冀东、内蒙、南印度和苏格兰的刘易斯等高级地体对比。     

Phase-equilibrium constraints on titanite and rutile activities in mafic epidote amphibolites and geobarometry using titanite–rutile equilibria

Activities of titanite (Ttn, CaTiSiO₅) and/or rutile (Rt, TiO₂) phase components were calculated for 45 well‐characterized natural titanite‐ or rutile‐undersaturated epidote–amphibolites by using the equilibria: (i) 3 anorthite + 2 zoisite/clinozoisite + rutile + quartz = 3 anorthite + titanite + water (referred to as TZARS) and (ii) anorthite + 2 titanite = grossular + 2 rutile + quartz (referred to as GRATiS). In titanite‐bearing and rutile‐absent samples a_Rt is 0.75 ± 0.26. In titanite‐absent, rutile‐bearing samples a_Ttn is 0.89 ± 0.16. Mean values derived for a_Rt/a_Ttn are 0.92 ± 0.12 for rutile + titanite‐bearing samples and 0.42 ± 0.27 for samples lacking both titanite and rutile. Use of these values with TZARS yields pressure estimates for epidote–amphibolites that differ on average by <0.5 kbar from those recorded by established mineral barometers, even where both titanite and rutile are lacking. Despite rather large uncertainties in the average values obtained for a_Rt, a_Ttn or a_Rt/a_Ttn, application of TZARS yields pressure estimates that agree with independent estimates to within ±0.5 kbar for titanite‐ and/or rutile‐saturated samples, and to within ±0.8 kbar for samples that contain neither Ti‐phase. The accuracy and precision of the TZARS barometer are comparable to that of many well‐calibrated barometers. TZARS offers a much‐needed barometer for mafic rocks metamorphosed at epidote‐bearing amphibolite and blueschist facies conditions. In addition, the results provide a basis for application of other thermobarometers, such as Ti‐in‐zircon, where rutile activity is required as input.