Experimental study on mechanical properties and pore characteristics of the modified lime mortars under freee-thaw cycles北大核心CSCD

石灰土作为路基填料代替宕渣是一种较为经济的方案,但灰土初始强度低、硬化速率慢、碳化时间长,不利于快速施工,需要进行改良研究。利用偏高岭土与石灰发生火山灰反应的原理改良灰土,通过单轴压缩试验和三轴压缩试验,分析改良灰土冻融循环条件下力学参数变化规律,利用图像处理技术提取改良灰土图像表面孔隙,建立孔隙率与强度的关系,并通过研究龄期、石灰含量和含水率变化规律,分析偏高岭土改良灰土的机制。结果表明：偏高岭土能够有效提高灰土材料反应速率,改善灰土力学特性;偏高岭土在一定程度上能够恢复冻融循环导致的灰土力学性能损失,降低冰晶体产生的孔隙;灰土强度达到最优后,其强度随着石灰的增加而降低,而经偏高岭土改良后其强度将继续增加;火山灰反应比灰土碳化过程消耗更多的水分,有效提高了灰土的抗冻性能。     

The influence of binder/aggregate ratio on the pore properties and strength of repair mortars

Repair mortars with different B/Ag (binder/aggregate) ratios and natural stone were studied in order to understand the influence of limestone aggregate on the properties of mortar and to check the compatibility of repair mortar with a porous limestone. Three different types of mortars with three different aggregate contents were evaluated by using mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and water saturation method (WSM). Changes in density and uniaxial compressive strength as a function of aggregate content were also recorded. For comparison the properties of the porous limestone were also tested, since it is used in monuments and also as aggregate in the mortar. Tested mortars had average porosities of 27.0 % (±2.0), while oolitic limestone has higher average porosity of 32.2 % (±1.9). The limestone has mainly medium and large pore radii (1–100 μm) while the repair mortars even with high aggregate content has predominantly smaller pores. All but one pure repair mortars have higher uniaxial compressive strength than that of the oolitic limestone. The strength decreases while porosity increases with increasing aggregate content.     

Formulation and characterization of an appropriate lime-based mortar for use with a porous limestone

Several studies have shown that the degradation of architectural monuments constructed using Tuffeau stones from Val de Loire region of France over a period of time are often related to use of mortars that are not compatible with the Tuffeau stones. For this reason, it is important to ensure physico-chemical compatibility between Tuffeau and the mortar. To alleviate differences in compatibility characteristics, a mortar is prepared from hydrated lime and aggregates obtained from the crushing of Tuffeau stone and used in this study. The key parameters that influence the strength and durability characteristics such as mechanical resistance, water transfer properties, and physico-chemical properties were identified and studied. Based on these studies, recommendations are offered for the preparation of a more compatible mortar that can be used in the construction and restoration of monuments using Tuffeau stone.     

活性氧化镁碳化固化粉质黏土微观机制

以活性氧化镁碳化固化粉质黏土为研究对象,通过无侧限抗压强度试验、酸碱度测试、X射线衍射试验、压汞试验和扫描电镜试验,研究了不同初始含水率和碳化时间影响下活性氧化镁碳化加固粉质黏土的强度、pH值、碳化产物和微观结构等变化。根据碳化固化土强度与碳化产物含量及累积孔隙体积间的内在联系,提出了粉质黏土的碳化反应微观模型。结果表明：随碳化时间增加和初始含水率减小,碳化固化土的碳化产物含量增加、累积孔隙体积减小,同时氧化镁碳化加固土的强度提高;碳化固化土的pH值随碳化时间不断减小,而随初始含水率变化不大;最后提出了粉质黏土的碳化反应微观模型,确定了活性氧化镁固化粉质黏土在碳化约6.0 h时可获得最高强度。     

Sulfation of calcitic and dolomitic lime mortars in the presence of diesel particulate matter

The sulfation of four types of calcitic and dolomitic lime mortars exposed to SO₂ in the presence of particulate matter from diesel vehicle exhaust emissions has been investigated. The binders mineralogy and mortars texture are the main factors influencing the formation of deleterious sulfate salts. The type of binder also influences the pore size distribution and the total porosity of the mortars: for equal aggregate (quartz or dolomite), dolomitic lime mortars have smaller pores and higher porosity than calcitic ones. During the first 24 h exposure to SO₂, calcitic lime mortars undergo a higher weight increase than dolomitic ones due to rapid formation of gypsum on their surface. However, at the end of the sulfation test (10 days), dolomitic mortars show a higher weight increase due to massive formation of epsomite and gypsum, which is facilitated by their higher porosity and the high reactivity of Mg phases in the porous and partially carbonated binder. Control samples (not covered with diesel particulate matter) also develop calcium and magnesium sulfates upon long term exposure to SO₂. This is due to the presence of uncarbonated Ca and Mg hydroxides that promote SO₂ fixation as sulfates. However, the amount and size of sulfate crystals are significantly smaller than those observed on samples covered with diesel particulate matter. These results show that diesel particulate matter enhances the sulfation of lime mortars and demonstrate that sulfation of dolomitic lime is an important mechanism for the in situ formation of highly soluble and deleterious hydrated magnesium sulfates (epsomite and hexahydrite). The use of dolomitic limes in the conservation of monuments exposed to air pollution in urban environments may therefore pose a significant risk.     

武汉东湖淤泥碳化-固化试验研究

引入活性MgO-粉煤灰固化材料,采用碳化-固化联合技术处理武汉东湖疏浚淤泥,通过无侧限抗压强度、扫描电镜和压汞试验,研究加压碳化模式、碳化时间、MgO-粉煤灰配比和固化剂掺量等因素下CO2碳化作用对固化淤泥力学性质和微观结构的影响。结果表明：活性MgO-粉煤灰固化淤泥碳化后抗压强度进一步增长,应力-应变关系曲线压密阶段应变缩小;不同固化剂配比的东湖淤泥试样具有不同的最佳加压模式,而加压模式决定了相同碳化时间下固化淤泥CO2吸入量,从而影响碳化-固化淤泥试样抗压强度;活性MgO掺量低时试样抗压强度整体较低,强度随碳化时间增加先增大后减小;MgO掺量较高时,碳化试样强度随碳化时间快速达到较高值,随后增长缓慢。微观分析表明：水碳镁石、球碳镁石和碳酸镁石等镁碳酸盐是碳化-固化联合技术增强淤泥强度的主要原因,其膨胀性和胶结作用促使土体中团粒内孔隙向颗粒间孔隙转化,土体更密实,抗压强度增加。     

The effect of pumice as aggregate on the mechanical and thermal properties of foam concrete

Pumice is a porous rock, which is formed as a result of volcanic activity and does not include any crystal water. Its porous structure makes it lightweight and provides advantage for heat and sound isolation. Foam concrete is a type of lightweight concrete. Foam concrete is obtained by adding the foam obtained from the agent to the mixture of cement, water, and aggregate. Foam concrete is an environmentally friendly structure and insulation material which provides light, heat, and impact sound insulation that can be used in place of the building elements used in the interior-exterior walls and floors of all buildings. Because of the lack of coarse aggregate in the foam concrete mix, it has some structural problems and this limits its usage area. In this study, four different types of pumice aggregates and stone powder were used to overcome the structural problems of foam. The cement dosages (250 kg/m³), aggregate amounts (250 kg/m³), fresh concrete densities and w/c ratio (0.45) were kept constant in all foamed concrete mixtures. Then, physical, mechanical, and thermal conductivity properties of the resulting foam concretes were investigated. When the findings were evaluated, the most suitable type of lightweight aggregates for use in foam concrete have been determined in terms of compressive strength and thermal conductivity properties. In all aggregate groups, Nevsehir Pumice has the highest compressive strength while Karaman Pumice has the lowest thermal conductivity. However, when both properties were evaluated together, it was determined that the most favorable lightweight aggregate was Nevsehir Pumice.     

The Market Gate of Miletus: damages, material characteristics and the development of a compatible mortar for restoration

The indoor exhibit of the Market Gate of Miletus is unique for an archaeological monument. The reconstruction of the gate was done in such a way that most marble fragments were removed leaving cored marble columns 3–4 cm in thickness. These cored columns were mounted on a steel construction and filled with different mortars or filled with specially shaped blocks of brick combined with mortar. All the missing marble elements were replaced by copies made of a Portland cement based concrete, which is compositionally similar to the original building materials. During the Second World War the monument was heavily damaged by aerial bombardment. For 2 years the Market Gate of Miletus was exposed to weathering, because a brick wall protecting the gate was also destroyed. The deterioration phenomena observed are microcracks, macroscopic fractures, flaking, sugaring, greying, salt efflorescence, calcitic-sinter layers and iron oxide formation etc. The rapid deterioration seems to be due to indoor atmospheric effects, and also by a combination of incompatible materials (e.g. marble, steel, mortar, concrete, bricks etc.). Compatible building materials like mortars or stone replacing materials have to be developed for the planned restoration. The requirements for restoration mortars are chemical-mineralogical and physical-mechanical compatibilities with the existing building materials. In detail this means that the mortar should ensure good bonding properties, adapted strength development and not stain the marble when in direct contact. The favoured mortar was developed with a hydraulic binder based on iron-free white cement and pozzolana based on activated clay. A special limestone and quartz sand mixture was used as an aggregate. The cement was adjusted using chemical additives. Specially designed tests were applied extensively to prove whether the developed mortar is suitable for the restoration of this precious monument.     

超细水泥对固化软土早期抗压强度影响的试验研究

为研究超细水泥含量对水泥固化软土的早期力学性能的影响,本文通过在普通水泥中加入不同掺量的超细水泥组成复合水泥固化剂用以固化软土。具体研究不同超细水泥掺量、不同初始含水率、及不同养护围压条件下,复合水泥固化剂对固化软土早期抗压强度及刚度的影响。采用自制K₀围压养护装置(施加不同轴向压力的方式)、无侧限抗压强度仪(UCS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、电镜扫描仪(SEM)和低场核磁共振孔隙测试仪(NMR)等试验手段获取复合水泥固化软土不同龄期的抗压强度、刚度及微观结构的变化规律,并揭示其固化机理。研究结果表明:(1)相同轴向压力作用下,随着超细水泥掺量的增加,固化软土的抗压强度和弹性模量均有提高,其中复合固化剂中的活性颗粒发生水化反应生成大量胶凝产物用以黏聚土颗粒和填充孔隙,惰性颗粒用于填充土颗粒间的孔隙;(2)随着含水率的提高,固化软土中孔相对发育,从而使固化软土结构致密性减弱,抗压强度降低;(3)在K₀围压养护7d时,固化软土的抗压强度和弹性模量随着轴向压力的提高而增加,表明养护围压对软土颗粒的压缩作用能提高固化软土的密实性,同时围压对固化软土产生有效应力,与水化产物共同促进固化软土形成密实的土骨架,进而使其在7d内具有较高的抗压强度。基于试验结果,建立轴向压力、含水率和超细水泥掺量等多因素的固化软土强度预测公式,并提出复合水泥固化软土结构模型,为工程实践提供理论基础。     

Mineralogical and chemical characterization of historical mortars from military fortifications in Lisbon harbour (Portugal)

Historical mortars from sixteenth to seventeenth century military forts located at the mouth of the Tagus River in Lisbon have been characterized by polarized light microscopy (PLM), thermal analysis (TG/DTA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy + energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM + EDS). The results indicate that the mortars used were all hydraulic lime-based. The presence of well-rounded lime lumps indicates a limited use of water during the lime hydration process. The detection of hydrated calcium chloroaluminate and carboaluminate compounds mostly at binder-aggregate interfaces provides evidence for the onset of pozzolanic reactions during mortar production as further confirmed by the presence of ceramic fragments in the aggregate fractions intentionally added by the fort builders to increase the hydraulic properties of the mortars. The higher mechanical strength and greater resistance to degradation processes imparted by these pozzolanic compounds could explain why, despite the extreme proximity of the investigated sites to the sea, salt weathering processes do not appear to have significantly affected the studied mortars.     

Characterisation of rock aggregate breakage properties using realistic texture‐based modelling

Realistic texture‐based modelling methods, that is microstructural modelling and micromechanical modelling, are developed to simulate the rock aggregate breakage properties on the basis of the rock actual microstructure obtained using microscopic observations and image analysis. The breakage properties of three types of rocks, that is Avja, LEP and Vandle taken from three quarries in Sweden, in single aggregate breakage tests and in inter‐aggregate breakage tests are then modelled using the proposed methods. The microstructural modelling directly integrates the microscopic observation, image analysis and numerical simulation together and provides a valuable tool to investigate the mechanical properties of rock aggregates on the basis of their microstructure properties. The micromechanical modelling takes the most important microstructure properties of rock aggregates into consideration and can model the major mechanical properties. Throughout this study, it is concluded that in general, the microstructure properties of rock aggregate work together to affect their mechanical properties, and it is difficult to correlate a single microstructure property with the mechanical properties of rock aggregates. In particular, for the three types of rock Avja, LEP and Vandle in this study, crack size distribution, grain size and grain perimeter (i.e. grain shape and spatial arrangement) show good correlations with the mechanical properties. The crack length and the grain size negatively affect the mechanical properties of Avja, LEP and Vandle, but the perimeter positively influences the mechanical properties. Besides, the modelled rock aggregate breakage properties in both single aggregate and inter‐aggregate tests reveal that the aggregate microstructure, aggregate shape and loading conditions influence the breakage process of rock aggregate in service. For the rock aggregate with the same microstructure, the quadratic shape and good packing dramatically improve its mechanical properties. During services, the aggregate is easiest to be fragmented under point‐to‐point loading condition, and then in the sequence of multiple‐point, point‐to‐plane and plane‐to‐plane loading conditions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

活性MgO碳化固化土的抗硫酸盐侵蚀性研究

既有研究表明,活性MgO固化土经CO2碳化几小时后其强度能达到甚至超过28 d的水泥固化土强度,碳化反应生成镁的碳酸化合物能有效降低固化土的含水率和孔隙率,提高土颗粒胶结能力。通过室内试验进一步研究碳化固化土的抗硫酸盐侵蚀特性。采用硫酸钠溶液、硫酸镁溶液浸泡碳化固化土,对浸泡不同龄期后的碳化固化土进行无侧限抗压强度试验和微观测试（XRD,SEM和MIP）,并与硫酸盐侵蚀后的水泥固化土进行试验对比。结果表明：活性MgO固化粉土碳化3 h,试样的无侧限抗压强度可达5 MPa左右,经硫酸盐溶液浸泡28 d后其强度基本保持不变,试样质量变化也不大;而水泥土试样的早期强度（7 d）则有一定增长,随龄期增长,强度大大降低,质量则明显增长。通过对硫酸盐侵蚀前后的碳化土的微观机制分析,发现活性MgO碳化固化土中的镁碳酸化合物的化学成分并未发生明显变化,孔隙结构也未明显改变,从而保证其强度稳定。因此,活性MgO固化粉土碳化后具有比水泥固化土更强的抗硫酸盐侵蚀能力。     

工业废渣加固土强度特性

工业废渣的资源化是解决工业废渣环境污染的有效途径之一。以粉煤灰和高炉矿渣为固化剂,石灰为碱性激发剂,对黏土进行加固。通过室内试验的方法,分析固化剂掺入量、养护龄期等对固化土无侧限抗压强度、pH值和饱和度等发展规律的影响。试验结果表明,固化土的无侧限抗压强度随固化剂掺入量的增加而增大,随养护龄期的增加而增大,提出一个综合反映固化剂掺入量、养护龄期和压实度等因素对固化土强度影响规律的综合影响因子,固化土强度与综合影响因子呈负指数函数关系;粉煤灰+石灰和高炉矿渣+石灰可有效改良土体无侧限抗压强度特性;石灰是一种有效的碱性激发剂,可提供工业废渣发生火山灰反应的高碱性环境。试验成果为工业废渣改良不良土质的设计提供试验依据。     

冻融作用下PPF稳定土力学性能研究

为了研究冻融作用下外加材料稳定土的力学性能,以一种国产土壤固化剂（TG固化剂）加固低剂量水泥石灰稳定土为研究对象,通过冻融前后的无侧限抗压强度试验、劈裂强度试验和抗压回弹模量试验,研究不同压实度、聚丙烯纤维（PPF）掺量稳定土的力学性能。结果表明：稳定土的抗压强度、劈裂强度及回弹模量均随冻融次数的增加而降低,经历6次冻融循环后,强度、模量损失率基本稳定。冻融前后稳定土的抗压强度、劈裂强度、抗压回弹模量以及强度、模量的残留百分比均随着压实度和PPF掺量的提高而增大。结合工程实际情况,选取压实度为95%,0.2% PPF综合稳定土进行冻融试验,得到抗压强度残留比（BDR）达到59.32%,质量变化率仅为6.28%,研究表明,PPF综合稳定土具有优良的冻稳定性,可用作路面基层材料。     

煤系古风化岩相似材料配比研究

为制备具有力学性质递变特征的相似材料试样,本文通过水泥石膏相似材料的配比试验,得到了两种骨料(标准砂和河沙)相似材料力学性质与配比间的关系.在拟合河沙相似材料的室内力学测试数据的基础上,得到了配比值关于抗压强度和弹性模量的确定公式.试验表明:用水量、成型压力和平均骨料粒径对相似材料的力学性质均有不同程度的影响,在制样过程中需要加以控制; 低强度相似材料的抗拉强度不易控制,而单轴抗压强度和弹性模量对配比的变化有明显响应; 河沙相似材料的力学性质与配比间呈明显的线性关系,而标准砂相似材料存在临界骨料含量和临界水泥含量表现出明显的非线性特征; 在调整配比所能实现的抗压强度和弹性模量的变化范围内,相似材料能够较好地模拟单轴抗压强度大于3MPa的风化岩.     

Comparative carbon emission assessments of recycled and natural aggregate concrete:Environmental influence of cement content

This work examines the environmental and geochemical impact of recycled aggregate concrete produc-tion with properties representative for structural applications.The environmental influence of cement content,aggregate production,transportation,and waste landfilling is analysed by undertaking a life cycle assessment and considering a life cycle inventory largely specific for the region.To obtain a detailed insight into the optimum life cycle parameters,a sensitivity study is carried out in which supplementary cementitious materials,different values of natural-to-recycled aggregate content ratio and case-specific transportation distances were considered.The results show that carbon emissions were between 323 and 332 kgCO2e per cubic metre of cement only natural aggregate concrete.These values can be reduced by up to 17％by replacing 25％of the cement with fly ash.By contrast,carbon emissions can increase when natural coarse aggregates are replaced by recycled aggregates in proportions of 50％and 100％,and trans-portation is not included in analysis.However,the concrete with 50％recycled aggregate presented lower increase,only 0.3％and 3.4％for normal and high strength concrete,respectively.In some cases,the rel-ative contribution of transportation to the total carbon emissions increased when cement was replaced by fly ash in proportions of 25％,and case-specific transportation distances were considered.In absolute values,the concrete mixes with 100％recycled aggregates and 25％fly ash had lower carbon emissions than concrete with cement and natural aggregates only.Higher environmental benefits can be obtained when the transportation distances of fly ash are relatively short(15-25 km)and the cement replacement by fly ash is equal or higher than 25％,considering that the mechanical properties are adequate for prac-tical application.The observations from this paper show that recycled aggregate concrete with strength characteristics representative for structural members can have lower carbon emissions than conventional concrete,recommending them as an alternative to achieving global sustainability standards in construction.     

高炉渣基矿物聚合材料的制备及其对铅离子的固定

以高炉渣和煅烧高岭土为粉体原料,KOH溶液为激活剂,采用振动成型方法,在20℃下养护24 h,制备矿物聚合材料。实验样品静置固化28 d,采用压力试验机可测得其抗压强度高达24~65 MPa。矿物聚合材料制品在1 d、3 d、7 d、28 d的X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(IR)等测试分析表明,高炉渣中的玻璃相在强碱的作用下发生溶解,之后形成Si、Al低聚体,最后形成各种晶体。采用矿物聚合材料可以有效地固定Pb2+。用含Pb2+的溶液配制矿物聚合材料,静置固化28 d,测其抗压强度以及Pb2+溶出率。实验结果表明,Pb2+的存在降低了矿物聚合材料的1 d的抗压强度,但对7 d及28 d抗压强度没有影响,聚合材料对Pb2+固定率达到99.9%。     

颗粒破碎对绢云母片岩强度和变形影响的试验研究

为进一步弄清颗粒破碎对软岩粗粒料强度、变形的影响,开展2组不同初始干密度下的绢云母片岩粗粒料的固结排水三轴试验,分析了绢云母片岩粗粒料颗粒破碎规律,并探讨了颗粒破碎对绢云母片岩粗粒料力学性质的影响。结果表明,绢云母片岩粗粒料相对破碎率随围压的增加而增大,但颗粒破碎增幅速率受初始干密度影响较大,颗粒破碎与围压之间的关系可用线性关系描述;由于初始孔隙率的影响,使得试样在同一应力水平下高密度试样颗粒破碎明显高于低密度试样;颗粒破碎对高密度试样抗剪强度降低的影响高于低密度试样,导致两种干密度试样的应力-应变曲线在某处出现相交,最终出现初始密度低的试样抗剪强度大于初始密度高的试样抗剪强度的现象;高密度试样孔隙率较小,其剪胀因子一直保持在1附近,而低密度试样孔隙率较大,受颗粒破碎和剪胀的影响迟缓一些,低密度试样体变较高密度要大些,但整体上由于颗粒破碎和剪胀的影响,绢云母片岩粗粒料的体变均不大。     

Gypsum Induced Strength Behaviour of Fly Ash-Lime Stabilized Expansive Soil

Physical and engineering properties of soil are improved with various binders and binder combinations. Fly ash and lime are commonly used to improve the properties of expansive soils. An attempt has been made, in this paper, to examine the role of gypsum on the physical and strength behaviour of fly ash-lime stabilized soil. The change in strength behaviour is studied at different curing periods up to 90 days, and the mechanism is elucidated through pH, mineralogical, microstructural and chemical composition study. The strength of soil-fly ash mixture has improved marginally with the addition of lime up to 4 % lime and with curing period for 28 day. Significant increase in strength has been observed with 6 % lime and enhanced significantly after curing for 90 days. The variations in the strength of soil with curing period is due to cation exchange and flocculation initially, and binding of particles with cementitious compounds formed after curing. With addition of 1 % gypsum to soil-fly ash-lime, the strength gain is accelerated as seen at 14 day curing. The accelerated strength early is due to formation of compacted structure with growth of ettringite needles within voids. However, strength at curing for 28 day has been declined due to annoyance of clay matrix with the increase in size of ettringite needle; and again increased after curing for 90 days. The rearrangement of clay matrix and suppression of sulphate effects with formation of cementitious compounds are observed and found to be the main responsible factors for strength recovered.