麻山群孔兹岩系中的堇青片麻岩

黑龙江省东部麻山群中堇青片麻岩的主要矿物组合有石榴石＋夕线石＋堇青石＋石英＋钾长石＋黑云母；石榴石＋夕线石＋堇青石＋钾长石＋尖晶石；堇青石＋夕线石＋斜长石；柱晶石＋堇青石＋斜长石＋夕线石＋石榴石＋电气石；堇青石＋紫苏辉石＋石榴石＋斜长石＋黑云母＋石英。这些含堇青石组合是在麻粒岩相条件下已存石榴石＋夕线石＋石英矿物组合分解反应的产物，其形成压力（０．４５－０．５ＧＰａ＿比麻粒岩相“高峰”压力明显低，     

泥质变质岩系石榴子石-黑云母-白云母-蓝晶石(夕线石、红柱石)-石英压力计

采用天然泥质变质岩石样品,根据经验标定方法,标定了适用于泥质变质岩石的石榴子石-黑云母-白云母-蓝晶石(夕线石、红柱石)-石英压力计(GBMAQ压力计).     

高压变质作用压力估算的热力学方法

概述了近来提出的估计变质作用压力的几种方法，即金红石－榍石压力计，单斜辉石，石榴石，斜长石，钛铁矿，金红石（榍石）等矿物组合压力计，多硅白云母压力计，硬玉分子压力计方法。     

拉萨地体东部早侏罗纪变质和深熔作用

位于青藏高原南部的拉萨地体不仅记录了中生代的新特提斯洋俯冲及随后新生代的印度-欧亚板块陆陆碰撞造山作用,而且还记录了晚古生代-早中生代南、北拉萨地体的拼合作用。本文对拉萨地体东部东久地区的片岩和脉体进行了岩石学和锆石U-Pb年代学研究,表明片岩经历了峰期高角闪岩相的变质作用和部分熔融,中压角闪岩相退变质过程以及晚期的降温、降压过程。片岩记录了峰期矿物组合蓝晶石+石榴石+黑云母+斜长石+钛铁矿+石英,退变质矿物组合石榴石+夕线石+堇青石+黑云母+斜长石+钛铁矿+石英,晚期退变质矿物组合堇青石+黑云母+白云母+绿泥石+斜长石+钛铁矿+石英。相平衡模拟研究表明,片岩的峰期变质作用温度、压力条件约为720℃、0.9GPa;退变质条件约为670℃、0.59GPa以及480℃、0.12GPa。全岩地球化学研究表明,含石榴石长英质脉体具有显著的Eu元素正异常(δEu=3.57),为斜长石堆晶的产物。锆石U-Pb年代学表明,片岩和脉体在早侏罗纪的181 Ma和195 Ma发生了变质和部分熔融作用。本文结合已发表研究结果表明,东久地区的高级变质岩可划分出不同的构造岩片,在早侏罗纪先后经历了相似温、压条件的变质作用,为南、北拉萨地体碰撞造山作用的产物。     

浙西南八都杂岩早中生代泥质麻粒岩变质作用及构造意义

遂昌-大柘泥质麻粒岩出露于华夏地块东北部的浙西南八都杂岩中,该岩石保留了典型的减压反应结构.但其变质演化特点、变质作用时代及构造意义目前尚不明确.通过系统的岩相学、矿物化学和同位素年代学分析,结果表明遂昌-大柘泥质麻粒岩记录了4个阶段的变质矿物组合,其中早期进变质阶段M₁的矿物组合为石榴石+黑云母+石英;压力峰期变质阶段M₂的矿物组合为石榴石+铝绿泥石+金红石+蓝晶石+刚玉+黑云母+石英±十字石,该矿物组合可能预示着岩石曾经历了超高压变质作用过程;峰期变质阶段M₃的矿物组合为石榴石+黑云母+夕线石+石英±钾长石±斜长石±钛铁矿;峰后近等温降压M_4-1阶段的矿物组合为石榴石+黑云母+夕线石+堇青石+石英+钛铁矿±尖晶石±斜长石±钾长石;M_4-2阶段的矿物组合为石榴石+堇青石+夕线石+斜长石+黑云母+石英±钾长石.相平衡模拟结合传统地质温压计限定其峰期变质阶段的温压条件为T=780~810 ℃、P=8.0~9.2 kbar;峰期后近等温降压的M_4-1阶段的温压条件为T=780~860 ℃和P=5.7~6.0 kbar,M_4-2阶段的温压条件为T=~700 ℃和P=~4.4 kbar,具有典型的顺时针近等温减压型P-T轨迹特征.LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果表明其麻粒岩相变质作用时代为233.5~238.9 Ma.变质作用历史说明浙西南地体可能卷入了古特提斯洋域内印支-华南-华北板块之间的俯冲-碰撞过程,并经历了早中生代的麻粒岩相变质作用后快速折返至地表.      

内蒙古集宁三岔口夕线堇青石榴二长片麻岩变质作用及年代学研究

三岔口夕线堇青石榴二长片麻岩出露于华北克拉通孔兹岩带东部的集宁变质杂岩中,该岩石保留了典型的减压反应结构。系统的岩相学观察和矿物化学研究结果表明,三岔口地区夕线堇青石榴二长片麻岩保存了两个阶段变质作用的矿物组合及相应的变质反应结构,其中峰期变质阶段M1的矿物组合为石榴石+夕线石+黑云母+石英+斜长石+钾长石+钛铁矿±磁铁矿;峰后减压的M2-1变质阶段矿物组合为石榴石+堇青石+夕线石+石英+斜长石+钾长石+钛铁矿±尖晶石,M2-2阶段的矿物组合为石榴石+堇青石+黑云母+石英+斜长石+钾长石+钛铁矿+磁铁矿±尖晶石。自峰期变质阶段到峰后减压阶段,典型的转变(减压)反应包括:Grt+Sil+Melt→Crd+Bt+Fe-oxide和Grt+Sil→Crd+Spl。相平衡模拟结合传统地质温压计限定峰期变质阶段的温压条件为T=852~862℃,P=9.3~10.2kbar;峰期后近等温减压的M2-1和M2-2阶段的温压条件分别为854~880℃和7.0~7.4kbar,820~848℃和5.3~6.4kbar。三岔口夕线堇青石榴二长片麻岩记录了典型的近等温减压型的顺时针P-T轨迹。阴极发光图像特征显示夕线堇青石榴二长片麻岩存在大量变质锆石,LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果表明,所有变质锆石记录了十分一致的207Pb/206Pb年龄,其变质时代为1912±11Ma。变质作用历史说明内蒙古孔兹岩带东段的集宁地体卷入了华北克拉通西部的阴山陆块和鄂尔多斯陆块之间的俯冲-碰撞,并经历了古元古代(~1912Ma)的麻粒岩相变质作用后快速折返至地表的过程。     

大青山-乌拉山变质杂岩带石拐地区富铝片麻岩成因矿物学与变质演化

大青山-乌拉山变质杂岩中石拐地区富铝片麻岩出露于华北克拉通孔兹岩带中段,包括夕线石榴堇青二长片麻岩、紫苏石榴黑云二长片麻岩和夕线石榴黑云二长片麻岩,与基性麻粒岩彼此呈互层或夹层产出.根据岩相学观察、成因矿物学和变质反应结构的系统研究,结合地质温压计估算以及相平衡模拟的综合分析,揭示石拐地区富铝片麻岩的变质演化可划分为四个变质阶段.其中,早期进变质阶段(M1)矿物组合以石榴石核部及其包裹的细粒矿物黑云母+石英+斜长石±夕线石±钾长石±尖晶石为特征;峰期变质阶段(M2)的稳定的矿物组合为石榴石+基质中粗粒夕线石+黑云母+石英+斜长石+钾长石±磁铁矿±钛铁矿,形成的温压条件为T=840 ～ 860℃,P=10.0～10.5kbar;峰后近等温减压阶段(M3)以石榴石边部发育含堇青石的后成合晶为特征,并发生一系列典型的减压反应:Grt+ Sil+ Qz→Crd、Grt+ Melt→Crd+ Bt+ PI和Grt+ Melt→Crd+ Qz±P1,形成新的矿物组合为石榴石+堇青石+黑云母+斜长石+石英±夕线石±紫苏辉石,相应的温压条件为T=720～ 800℃和P=5.6 ～6.1kbar;晚期角闪岩相降温阶段(M4)的矿物组合是石榴石+石榴边部细粒黑云母+斜长石+石英+磁铁矿±钾长石±钛铁矿,记录的温压条件为T=616 ～661℃和P=3.4 ～5.2kbar.石拐地区富铝片麻岩及相关岩石具有典型的近等温减压的顺时针P-T轨迹,峰后经历了近等温减压和近等压降温的变质演化阶段.上述研究结果表明,石拐地区富铝片麻岩曾卷入到华北克拉通西部的阴山陆块和鄂尔多斯陆块间的俯冲-碰撞造山及随后的快速隆升的演化过程.     

柴北缘欧龙布鲁克地块中元古代晚期麻粒岩相变质作用——来自石榴夕线堇青石片麻岩的岩石学、相平衡模拟和U-Pb年代学的制约

在欧龙布鲁克地块乌兰北部地区察汗河岩群中识别出麻粒岩相石榴夕线堇青石片麻岩,其矿物组合为石榴子石、夕线石、堇青石、黑云母、斜长石、钛铁矿和少量钾长石等。岩相学观察显示,M1阶段矿物组合有斜长石±钾长石+石榴子石+夕线石+石英,M2阶段矿物组合有斜长石±钾长石+石榴子石+夕线石+石英+钛铁矿+黑云母,M3阶段矿物组合有堇青石+黑云母+钛铁矿+石英+石榴子石+斜长石±钾长石。相平衡模拟计算结果显示,该岩石的峰期温压条件为p=0.92～1.08 GPa,峰期温度t>790℃,峰期之后经历升温降压的p-T演化轨迹。锆石和独居石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学研究获得的变质年龄分别为1 133±14 Ma和1 125±37 Ma, 1 133～1 125 Ma应代表了该期麻粒岩相变质作用的时代。结合区域地质资料和已有的研究成果,我们认为乌兰北部察汗河岩群的石榴夕线堇青石片麻岩可能形成于大洋俯冲作用下的弧或弧后构造环境,乌兰北部的岩浆-变质杂岩带经历了从中元古代晚期-新元古代早期俯冲增生到碰撞造山的演化过程,是全球Rodinia超大陆汇聚过程的响应。     

点苍山-哀牢山变质杂岩带变沉积岩的变质演化

点苍山-哀牢山变质杂岩带位于青藏高原东南缘大理-元江-元阳-河口一带,出露规模达数百千米,是扬子板块和印支陆块之间的一条重要构造带.该变质杂岩带主要由各类正片麻岩、副片麻岩、大理岩所组成,夹有斜长角闪岩、石榴辉石岩和超镁铁质岩石的透镜体或团块.其中,变沉积岩如含夕线石和蓝晶石的片麻岩类岩石保存了多阶段的矿物组合及异常复杂的矿物相转变关系.详细的岩相学、成因矿物学以及矿物相转变关系分析表明,变沉积岩系经历了早期进变质阶段(M1)、峰期角闪-麻粒岩相变质阶段(M2)、峰后近等温减压(脱水熔融)阶段(M3)以及晚期退变质阶段(M4)的变质演化.其中,M1阶段的稳定矿物组合为石榴石+斜长石+白云母+石英+十字石±蓝晶石±黑云母±钾长石,M2阶段的稳定矿物组合为石榴石+黑云母+蓝晶石/夕线石+斜长石+石英、石榴石+黑云母+斜长石+石英±钾长石±夕线石,M3阶段的共生矿物组合为石榴石+黑云母+夕线石+斜长石+石英,M4阶段的矿物组合为黑云母+白云母+斜长石+石英±钾长石±石榴石等.通过传统GB-GASP温压计和二云母温度计的估算结果,配合P-T视剖面定量计算,确定早期进变质阶段(M1)的温压条件为T=560 ～ 590℃,P=5.5 ～6.3kb,峰期角闪-麻粒岩相阶段(M2)的温压条件为T=720～ 760℃、P=8.0～9.3kb,峰后近等温减压阶段(M3)的温度压力条件为T=640～760℃,P=5.0～7.3kb,晚期退变阶段(M4)的温压条件为T=521～648℃,P=4.0～5.0kb.上述研究结果表明,点苍山-哀牢山变沉积岩记录了典型碰撞造山带型式的顺时针P-T演化轨迹,表明点苍山-哀牢山变质杂岩带的形成与印度板块和欧亚板块之间的俯冲-碰撞存在密切的成因关系.     

浙西南八都群泥质麻粒岩的变质演化与pT轨迹

浙西南古元古界八都群是目前华夏地块最古老的变质基底,以往研究认为其变质程度仅达角闪岩相。近来在对遂昌地区八都群富铝片麻岩的研究过程中,发现了具有"石榴石+夕线石+正/反条纹长石+黑云母"特征组合的泥质麻粒岩,表明该地体曾经历麻粒岩相变质改造。通过岩相学与矿物化学分析,确定该岩石经历了3个阶段的演化过程,即:早期进变质阶段(M1),形成"石榴石+黑云母+白云母+夕线石+斜长石+石英"的矿物组合;变质峰期阶段(M2-3),形成"石榴石+夕线石+三元长石+黑云母+石英"的矿物组合;峰期后降压冷却阶段(M4),形成"黑云母+白云母+新生斜长石+石英"的矿物组合。岩石中石榴石普遍发育与降温过程有关的扩散成分环带和与降压过程有关的斜长石后生合晶。通过石榴石-黑云母温度计和GASP压力计估算变质峰期的温压条件为800~850℃、0.6~0.7 GPa,峰期后退变质阶段的温压条件为560~590℃、0.25~0.33 GPa,具有顺时针样式的pT演化轨迹,反映一种陆壳碰撞增厚、后又拉伸减薄的动力学过程。     

地幔岩矿物压力计评述

适用于地幔岩石的矿物压力计有石榴石-斜方辉石压力计、石榴石-单斜辉石压力计、橄榄石-单斜辉石压力计、铬尖晶石压力计、二辉石压力计等有限几类.本文通过将这些压力计应用于岩石学相平衡实验数据,检验了其精确度.再将它们应用到天然地幔岩石样品,包括石榴石相二辉橄榄岩、尖晶石相二辉橄榄岩、石榴石-尖晶石过渡相二辉橄榄岩、含金刚石和石墨的地幔岩石,检验了其准确度.初步结论是,现有的石榴石-斜方辉石压力计(Nickel and Green,1985;Taylor,1998;Brey et al．,2008)质量相对最优,石榴石-单斜辉石压力计(Nimis and Taylor,2000;Simakov and Taylor,2000)次之.在应用这些压力计时,可配合二辉石温度计(Brey et al．,1990;Taylor,1998)或石榴石-橄榄石温度计(Wu and Zhao,2007),来同时估算平衡压力和温度.其余的压力计精确度和准确度都还很不够,需要更精确深入的实验研究来标定质量优良的压力计.     

Mineral composition of tephra layers in the Quaternary deposits of the Sea of Okhotsk:: Heavy minerals associations and their geochemistry

Heavy mineral associations from tephra layers in the Quaternary deposits of the Sea of Okhotsk and their chemical characteristics were studied by various techniques. It was shown that such investigations may have a bearing on the problems of tephrostratigraphic correlation. We assessed the possibility of application of the mineral composition of distal tephra for identification and, in particular, estimation of the relation of tephras to the explosive volcanism of back-arc and frontal zones of island arcs. The investigation of the compositions of minerals and use of mineral geothermometers and geobarometers (two-pyroxene, magnetite–ilmenite, and amphibole) provided evidence on the physicochemical parameters of melt crystallization during the explosive volcanic eruptions that produced the distal tephra layers. It was established that the pyroclastic material of some tephra layers was supplied during explosive eruptions not only from shallow magma chambers but also from deeper and higher temperature reservoirs. Together with the geochemical signatures of volcanic glasses, the obtained results on mineral associations and the geochemistry of mineral inclusions are applicable for the comparative analysis and correlation of tephras from marine and continental sequences, as well as for the identification of explosive volcanic products in adjacent land areas.     

Fluid inclusions

Fluid inclusions in crystals provide a valuable insight into the nature and origin of ancient mineral-forming fluids. Fluid inclusions are established geothermometers and geobarometers, but their use as chemical indicators has in the past been hampered by their extremely small size. With the rapid development of a range of modern instrumental microanalytical techniques it is becoming increasingly possible to determine in detail the compositions of various phases present within minute inclusions down to the parts-per-million level     

Petrology and retrograde P-T path in granulites of the Kanskaya formation, Yenisey range, Eastern Siberia

The Kanskaya formation in the Yenisey range, Eastern Siberia is a newly studied example of retrogression of granulite facies rocks. The formation consists of two stratigraphical units: the lower Kuzeevskaya group and the upper Atamanovskaya group. Rocks from both of these units show rare reaction textures such as replacement of cordierite by garnet, sillimanite and quartz, silimanite coronas around spinel and corundum, and garnet rims around plagioclase in metabasites, while plagioclase rims around garnet can be seen in associated metapelites. The paragenesis quartz + orthopyroxene + sillimanite is a feature of the Kuzeevskaya group. In many samples, chemical zoning of garnet and cordierite shows an increase in Mg from core to rim as well as the reverse.
Biotite-garnet-cordierite-sillimanite-quartz as well as spinel±biotite-garnet°Cordierite±sillimanite-quartz assemblages were studied using geothermometers and geobarometers based on both exchange and net-transfer reactions (Perchuk & Lavrent'eva, 1983; Aranovich & Podlesskii, 1983; Gerya & Perchuk, 1989). Detailed investigation of 10 samples including 1000 microprobe analyses revealed decompression (first stage) followed by the near isobaric cooling of the granulites. From geological studies, the 7 km total thickness of the sequence closely corresponds to the pressure difference (∼ 2.2kbar) measured by geobarometers in the samples taken from different levels in the sequence. Individual samples yield P-T paths ranging from 100°C/kbar to 140°C/kbar depending on their locations with respect to the large Tarakskiy granite pluton. In places the 100°C/kbar path changed to the 140°C/kbar due to the influence of the intrusion. In a P-T diagram these trajectories are subparallel lines, whose P-T maxima define the Archaean geotherm between 3.1 and 2.7 Ga, determined isotopically. A petrological model for P-T evolution of the Kanskaya formation is proposed.     

辽宁宽甸地幔矿物三价铁的穆斯堡尔谱测定及意义

摘　要　利用穆斯堡尔谱仪对辽宁宽甸地幔岩包体中的矿物进行了三价铁的测定‚测试结果 与国内外已发表的数据接近。Fe 3＋ ／∑Fe 比值分别为：斜方辉石0∙066～0∙196‚单斜辉石 0∙216～0∙344‚尖晶石0∙283～0∙299‚石榴石0∙057～0∙223。依据电价平衡原理计算的 Fe 3＋ 含量受 Si 4＋ 、Al 3＋ 和 Cr 3＋ 的电子探针分析误差影响很大。根据地幔矿物的电子探针分析结果 计算平衡温度、压力和氧逸度时‚二辉石 En、Ca 转移反应温度计和石榴石 斜方辉石 Al 压力 计的计算结果不超过温压计的一般误差范围‚而石榴石 单斜辉石 Fe 2＋ Mg 交换反应温度计 在忽略 Fe 3＋ 时计算的温度值可偏高100℃以上;采用橄榄石／斜方辉石／尖晶石组合氧压力计 计算的氧逸度值‚误差一般约在±0∙7个对数单位。     

A corundum and sapphirine paragenesis from the Limpopo Mobile Belt, southern Africa

An assemblage consisting of corundum, sapphirine, spinel, cordierite, garnet, biotite and bronzite is described from the Messina area of the Limpopo Mobile Belt, and consideration given to its petrogenesis. Various geothermometers and geobarometers have been applied in an attempt to determine the temperatures and pressures of metamorphism.
A former coexistence of garnet and corundum is suggested to have developed during the earliest high pressure phase of the metamorphism, where temperatures exceeded 800°C and pressures as high as 10kbar may have been experienced. Subsequently, continuous retrograding reactions from medium pressure granulite facies at about 800°C and 8kbar towards amphibolite facies generated spinel, cordierite, sapphirine and possibly also bronzite. The most notable reaction was probably of the form: garnet + corundum = cordierite + sapphirine + spinel.     

Regression diagnostics and robust regression in geothermometer/geobarometer calibration: the garnet-clinopyroxene geothermometer revisited

Abstract The calibration of geothermometers and geobarometers should involve not only the determination of the parameters in the equation used, but also the uncertainties on, and the correlations between, these parameters. This necessitates the use of a technique such as least squares. Given the poor performance of least squares in the presence of outliers in the data, techniques for identifying outliers for exclusion—regression diagnostics, and techniques for handling data which include outliers—robust regression and jackknifing, are essential. These techniques are summarized and their importance is emphasized, and they are applied to the calibration of the garnet-clinopyroxene Fe-Mg exchange geothermometer.
The experimental data of Raheim & Green (1974) and Ellis & Green (1979) are explored using regression diagnostics to discover outliers in the data. After exclusion of the two influential outliers found, a new geothermometer equation for garnet-clinopyroxene Fe-Mg exchange is derived using robust regression and based on all the data: thus, T (K) = 2790 + 10 P + 3140x_ca,g/1.735 + In K _D where T is in Kelvin and P is in kbar. This equation, as might be hoped, is essentially identical to that of Ellis & Green (1979). Equations for calculating the uncertainty in a calculated temperature, contributed by uncertainties in the calibration, are also derived.     

Solute and gas geothermometry of geothermal wells: a geochemometrics study for evaluating the effectiveness of geothermometers to predict deep reservoir temperatures

Deep reservoir temperatures of 10 important geothermal systems of the world were estimated by applying 13 solute (Na/K) and 21 gas geothermometers. The predicted temperatures were comprehensively evaluated and compared with measured bottom-hole temperatures using geochemometric techniques. The present study reveals (1) high prediction performances in most of the Na/K geothermometers for the majority of the geothermal fields with liquid-dominated reservoirs, whereas low prediction performances were indicated for the geothermal fields with vapour-dominated and high-temperature reservoirs; (2) the gas geothermometers, in comparison to Na/K, are more successful in predicting the subsurface temperatures in high-temperature geothermal systems; (3) the geothermal systems for which Na/K geothermometers have indicated a high prediction performance, the gas geothermometers have specified a low prediction performances, and vice versa; (4) both Na/K and gas geothermometers, generally, overestimated the reservoir temperatures for the majority of the low-enthalpy geothermal fields and underestimated for the majority of the high-enthalpy geothermal fields; (5) the reservoir temperature predictions of gas geothermometers have more scatter than those temperatures inferred from Na/K geothermometers; and (6) in general, Na/K geothermometers seem to be a more successful geochemical tool in predicting reliable reservoir temperatures than gas geothermometers.     

Solute geothermometry of springs and wells of the Los Azufres and Las Tres Vírgenes geothermal fields,Mexico

Subsurface reservoir temperatures of two important Mexican geothermal systems (Los Azufres and Las Tres Vírgenes) were estimated by applying all available solute geothermometers for 88 and 56 chemical data measurements of the spring waters and fluids of the deep geothermal wells, respectively. Most of the chemical data for spring water of these two geothermal fields are for HCO₃ water, followed by SO₄ and Cl types. For the Los Azufres geothermal field (LAGF), the reservoir temperatures estimated by Na-K geothermometers for springs of HCO₃ and SO₄ waters, and by Na-Li and Li-Mg geothermometers for Cl water, are close to the average bottom-hole temperature (BHT) of the geothermal wells. However, all reservoir temperatures for spring waters from the Las Tres Vírgenes geothermal field (LTVGF) estimated by all solute geothermometers indicated significantly large differences (low temperatures) compared to the BHT. Evaluation of inferred reservoir temperatures for spring waters of the LAGF and LTVGF suggests that not all springs nor all solute geothermometers provide reliable estimation of the reservoir temperatures. Even though chemical equilibrium probably was not achieved in the water–rock system, Na-K geothermometers for HCO₃ water (peripheral water mainly of meteoric origin with little geothermal component) and SO₄ water (geothermal steam heated) and Na-Li and Li-Mg geothermometers for Cl-rich spring water (fully mature geothermal water) of the LAGF indicated reservoir temperatures close to the BHT. However, in comparison with the geothermometry of spring water of the LAGF and LTVGF, fluid measurements from geothermal wells of these two fields indicated reservoir temperatures in close agreement with their respective BHTs. For the best use of the solute geothermometry for spring water, it is advisable to: (1) chemically classify the springs based on water types; (2) identify and eliminate the discordant outlier observations by considering each water type as a separate sampled population; (3) apply all available solute geothermometers employing a suitable computer program such as SolGeo instead of using some specific, arbitrarily chosen geothermometers; and (4) evaluate the temperatures obtained for each solute geothermometer by considering the subsurface lithology, hydrological conditions, and BHTs or static formation temperatures whenever available.