东濮凹陷两种新储层类型——沙河街组河口湾体系的识别与储层预测

东濮凹陷沙河街组河口湾环境发育的最初征兆是出现震积岩（Seismites）和水下脱水收缩裂隙（Synaeresis）,预示其基底有构造性下沉,海水在间歇性地灌入,接着淡水介形类开始大量死亡。与海水有关的生物痕迹如Ophiomorpha、Tigillites屡屡出现,说明此时此地淡水水体已被河口湾咸水水体所取代,最后剖面中见到滨海高能环境下的生物痕迹Arenicolites和鲕粒砂岩、介壳碎屑层等,指示潮道和潮汐坝的存在。至此,这一地区的河口湾以陆相（分流河道）－陆海混合相（河口湾点坝）－海相（潮道）为代表的三元结构,便完整地记录了一次海面升降周期。由陆相动物活动痕迹、植物活动痕迹和古土壤识别出的陆相部分在沙河街组有10层（开31井）,由海相生物痕迹、海相生物及海相内源沉积物识别出的海相部分有12层（开31井、新胡4井）,说明沙河街组沉积期曾有过10次以上的海面升降过程。海面下降时,河流沿兰聊断裂和内黄凸起间断裂谷地侵蚀切割两岸形成可容空间;海面上升期,此可容空间部分或全部被不同类型的沉积物所充填,形成了分流河道、河口湾点坝砂为代表的下切谷型储层和以潮道、滩坝砂体为代表的超覆型储层。     

东濮凹陷古近系沙河街组边缘海-浅海相识别与油气储层

东濮凹陷古近系沙河街组有无海相沉积久争不决。痕迹学、沉积学和古生物学综合研究,识别出那里存在海退与海进层序。海退层序在开31井3 553.30 m和3 552.70 m处分别见到压扁层理、双泥披(double clay drapes)。3 551.70 m处,出现丘状交错层理(表现为洼槽状向上弯曲平行纹理和凸起状向上弯曲平行纹理),显示前滨和临滨环境。3 551.50 m处,代表后滨环境的植物根迹出现,完成一个海退层序。另一个海退层序出现在新胡4井,从见到海相痕迹化石Diplocraterion、Palaeophycos、Terebellina开始(2 969.10 m;2 966.40 m)到出现植物根迹(2 931.93 m)结束。以上两个海退层序反映东濮凹陷沙四段沉积期,海水影响所及,仅限于边缘海的前滨和临滨深度范围。与海退层序不同,海进层序显示海水显著加深。文72-104井指示三角洲边缘海湾环境的痕迹化石Teichichnus(3 146 m),过渡带痕迹Rhizocoralliun(3 109.28 m)至滨外生物痕迹Zoophycos(3 050.10 m),记录到一次具有滨外环境的海进过程。开34井3 424 m至3 260 m依次出现透镜层理、植物根迹、透镜层理、羽状交错层理,解释为前滨环境。3 267~3 260 m由压扁层理(3 267.00 m)双向前积层理(3 266.81 m)为标志的前滨环境到具有Thalassinoides(3 266.25 m)、Macaronichnos痕迹化石所指示的临滨环境,再到生物扰动达70%并具颗石藻所代表的滨外浅海环境,结束一次海进过程。海进层序被固底底质控制痕迹相所指示的沉积不连续界面所限定,有利于不整合圈闭的形成。     

东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷渐新世海侵作用与潮控体系沉积特征

西湖凹陷位于东海陆架盆地东部坳陷带,是该盆地规模最大的富油气凹陷。然而,西湖凹陷渐新世沉积环境与沉积体系类型一直存在较大争议。本文以井、震为基础,岩心为核心,结合地球化学指标,通过泥岩甾烷与自生海绿石的特征,明确了渐新世西湖凹陷南部整体处于海陆交互的过渡环境,且发生5次主要的海侵事件。西湖凹陷南部渐新统以厚层砂岩与薄层泥岩互层为特征,发育典型的双向交错层理、双黏土层、透镜状层理及泥质披覆,共识别出4种主要的岩相类型:含泥砾块状中粗粒砂岩相、交错层理中细粒砂岩相、沙纹层理粉细砂岩相、纹层状泥岩相。渐新世,西湖凹陷南部主要发育潮控河口湾体系,其中包括潮汐水道、潮汐沙坝、沙质潮坪及泥质潮坪等多个沉积微相,其沉积地形在SW向逐渐变为开阔的展布特征,说明研究区河流供源来自东北部,而潮汐水流来自西南部。渐新世西湖凹陷南部与开阔海连通,受到海侵作用下潮汐水流的强烈改造,且由于地形坡度较缓,无大规模的河流携带碎屑物质注入,易形成潮汐作用为主的河口湾体系。     

东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷渐新世海侵作用与潮控体系沉积特征*

西湖凹陷位于东海陆架盆地东部坳陷带,是该盆地规模最大的富油气凹陷。然而,西湖凹陷渐新世沉积环境与沉积体系类型一直存在较大争议。本文以井、震为基础,岩心为核心,结合地球化学指标,通过泥岩甾烷与自生海绿石的特征,明确了渐新世西湖凹陷南部整体处于海陆交互的过渡环境,且发生5次主要的海侵事件。西湖凹陷南部渐新统以厚层砂岩与薄层泥岩互层为特征,发育典型的双向交错层理、双黏土层、透镜状层理及泥质披覆,共识别出4种主要的岩相类型: 含泥砾块状中粗粒砂岩相、交错层理中细粒砂岩相、沙纹层理粉细砂岩相、纹层状泥岩相。渐新世,西湖凹陷南部主要发育潮控河口湾体系,其中包括潮汐水道、潮汐沙坝、沙质潮坪及泥质潮坪等多个沉积微相,其沉积地形在SW向逐渐变为开阔的展布特征,说明研究区河流供源来自东北部,而潮汐水流来自西南部。渐新世西湖凹陷南部与开阔海连通,受到海侵作用下潮汐水流的强烈改造,且由于地形坡度较缓,无大规模的河流携带碎屑物质注入,易形成潮汐作用为主的河口湾体系。     

福建省三明地区早二叠世晚期潮坪沉积特征及其对聚煤作用的影响

童子岩组的潮坪、潮道沉积常与泻湖相沉积伴生形成为潮坪泻湖相沉积体系。其潮坪相沉积可以划分为:1泥坪相,由泥岩或砂质泥岩为主组成,具水平层理,分布有痕迹化石和动物扰动构造。2砂泥坪混合相,由细砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩互层组成,常见波状层理、透镜状层理,分布有海相动物化石和斜交或垂直层面的营状痕迹化石。3砂坪相,发育透镜状层理,压扁层理和小型斜交层理,在一些砂岩中也常见由于潮汐作用形成的双面粘土层和潮汐作用产生的周期层序。4潮沟相,主要见于各含煤段底部,潮沟相的砂岩厚度一般较大,层位一般相对稳定。透镜状态理、波状层理常见,动物扰动构造发育,有浪成波痕。     

东濮凹陷沙河街组痕迹相及其对应的测井图型

东濮凹陷老第三系沙河街组有八类痕迹化石组合：①Cylindricum-Scoyenia,②Ancorichnus-Cylindricum,③Tigillites-A型植物根迹,④Ophiomorpha-Ancorichnus,⑤Thalassinoides-Palaeophycus,⑥Arenicolites-Polykladichnus,⑦Teichichnus-Anconichnus,⑧Squamodictyon-Protopalaeodictyon的环境意义及其对应的测井曲线图型。剖面上重复出现的痕迹相及与其对应的测井图型的反复再现,表明在东濮凹陷利用直接观察到的岩心、痕迹化石证据和间接测得的曲线图型资料可以识别和预测出无岩心段的岩相及其变化。同时说明,沙河街组既有陆相、非海相沉积,亦有海相沉积,从而廓清了东濮凹陷老第三系是否存在海相沉积之迷雾。更为重要的是,它为在本区进行高精度地层对比和预测下切谷型储层相（如河口湾砂岩）和超覆型储层相（如潮坪砂岩相和海滩砂岩）的时空分布提供了研究途径。     

东濮凹陷沙河街组痕迹相及其对应的测井图型

东濮凹陷老第三系沙河街组有八类痕迹化石组合：①Cylindricum Scoyenia,②Ancorichnus Cylindricum,③Tigillites A型植物根迹,④Ophiomorpha Ancorichnus,⑤Thalassinoides Palaeophycus,⑥Arenicolites Polykladichnus,⑦Teichichnus Anconichnus,⑧Squamodictyon Protopalaeodictyon的环境意义及其对应的测井曲线图型。
剖面上重复出现的痕迹相及与其对应的测井图型的反复再现,表明在东濮凹陷利用直接观察到的岩心、痕迹化石证据和间接测得的曲线图型资料可以识别和预测出无岩心段的岩相及其变化。同时说明,沙河街组既有陆相、非海相沉积,亦有海相沉积,从而廓清了东濮凹陷老第三系是否存在海相沉积之迷雾。更为重要的是,它为在本区进行高精度地层对比和预测下切谷型储层相（如河口湾砂岩）和超覆型储层相（如潮坪砂岩相和海滩砂岩）的时空分布提供了研究途径。     

资兴三都矿区唐垅组的河口湾沉积

三都矿区出炭垅组和杨梅垅组含丰富的煤炭,而唐垅组不含煤,这是因为前者为陆相河流环境,后者为河口湾环境。河口湾沉积在垂直相序中处于下部陆相河流向上部海相的过渡带中;岩性为成分成熟度和结构成熟度均高的石英净砂岩;下部含植物化石,中部含大量垂直和倾斜的虫管,上部含较多的海相化石。粒度分布、微量元素及砂体形态特征下部为河流沉积,中上部为河口湾沉积。这一海侵的时期为早侏罗世,海侵方向为由西南向东北。      

惠民凹陷西部老第三系沙河街组三段三角洲体系及砂岩体沉积特征和演化规律

惠民凹陷是渤海湾地区新生代断陷盆地之一，西部地区老第三系发育完整。三角洲是最重要的沉积体系和油气聚集的有利地带，三角洲型砂岩体是研究区主要的油气储集体。沙河街组三段自下而上发育完整的深湖相－前三角洲亚相（泥页岩或浊积扇）－三角洲前缘亚相（砂岩体）－三角洲平原亚相（砂岩体）巨旋回沉积序列。本文阐述了区内沙河街期发育的若干个三角洲体系的亚、微相构成和沉积特征，重点研究了三角洲型砂岩体以及与其成因相关的浊积岩体的分布，发育样式，揭示了惠民凹陷老第三系沙河街组三段三角洲体系的形成，演化规律以及时空上和其他成因相关沉积体系的共生特征。     

嫩江现代河流沉积体岩相及内部构形要素分析

嫩江是松辽盆地北部一条多河型河流。本文以黑龙江省富裕县塔哈乡大马岗嫩江现代河流沉积露头为例,运用Miall结构要素分析法对嫩江现代河流沉积体岩相类型、层次界面及内部构形要素进行了系统研究,表明大马岗沉积体主要由块状层理细砾相、大型及小型低角度槽状交错层理细砂相、同沉积变形层理细砂相、波状交错层理细砂相、薄层状粉砂质泥与细砂互层相、微波状层理粉砂相、块状层理泥质粉砂相、水平层理泥相、块状层理粉砂质泥相等16种岩相构成,不同岩相空间分布变化差异较大。在大马岗沉积体内部识别出1～5级层次界面,划分出具有成因意义的7种构形要素:河道、砾质坝、侧向加积沉积体、单一侧积砂层、纹层砂席、砂底形及越岸细粒沉积,这种构形要素的划分丰富了Miall的分类方案。     

Sedimentation in a fluvially infilling, barrier-bound estuary on a wave-dominated, microtidal coast: the Ouémé River estuary, Benin, west Africa

The Ouémé River estuary is located on the seasonally humid tropical coast of Benin, west Africa. A striking feature of this microtidal estuary is the presence of a large sand barrier bounding a 120 km² circular central basin, Lake Nokoué, that is being infilled by heterogeneous fluvial deposits supplied by a relatively large catchment (50 000 km²). Borehole cores from the lower estuary show basal Pleistocene lowstand alluvial sediments overlain by Holocene transgressive–highstand lagoonal mud and by transgressive to probably early highstand tidal inlet and flood‐tidal delta sand deposited in association with non‐preserved transgressive sand barriers. The change in estuary‐mouth sedimentation from a transgressive barrier‐inlet system to a regressive highstand barrier reflects regional modifications in marine sand supply and in the cross‐barrier tidal flux associated with barrier‐inlet systems. As barrier formation west of the Ouémé River led to an increasingly rectilinear shoreline, the longshore drift cell matured, ensuring voluminous eastward transport of sand from the Volta Delta in Ghana, the major purveyor of sand, to the Ouémé embayment, 200 km east. Concomitantly, the number of tidal inlets, and the tidal flux associated with a hitherto interlinked lagoonal system on this coast, diminished. Complete sealing of Lake Nokoué has produced a large, permanently closed estuary, where tidal intrusion is assured through the interconnected coastal lagoon via an inlet located 60 km east. Since 1885, tides have entered the estuary directly through an artificial outlet cut across the sand barrier. Although precluding the seaward loss of fluvial sediments, permanent estuary‐mouth closure has especially deprived the highstand estuary of marine sand, a potentially important component in estuarine infill on wave‐dominated coasts. In spite of a significant fluvial sediment supply, estuarine infill has been moderate, because of the size of the central basin. Estuarine closure has resulted in two co‐existing highstand sediment suites, with limited admixture, the marine‐derived, estuary‐mouth barrier and upland‐derived back‐barrier sediments. This situation differs from that of mature barrier estuaries characterized by active fluvial‐marine sediment mixing and facies interfingering.     

钱塘江下切河谷充填物沉积序列和分布模式

以最新钻取的SE2孔沉积物为重点研究对象,对晚第四纪以来钱塘江下切河谷充填物的沉积特征和沉积相进行了精细研究,重建了研究区地层结构和层序地层格架,总结了强潮型钱塘江河口湾和下切河谷的沉积模式。钱塘江下切河谷充填物自下而上依次发育河床、河漫滩、古河口湾、近岸浅海和现代河口湾5种沉积相类型,表现为一个较完整的Ⅰ型层序,其内部层序界面、初始海泛面、最大海泛面、海侵和海退潮流侵蚀面、体系域内海侵面发育。钱塘江下切河谷充填物自海向陆可划分为海向段、近海段、近陆段和陆向段4段,各段沉积序列和海陆相互作用程度不同。在钱塘江下切河谷充填物中海陆过渡部位首次明确划分出了古河口湾相,并对其沉积特征和分布模式进行了初步探讨;其形成时间在9000 a BP左右,具有与现代河口湾不同的沉积特征,表现为中部为潮道砂体沉积,向陆渐变为受潮流影响的河流沉积,两侧被潮坪或盐沼沉积包围,沉积物在平面上自陆向海呈现粗-细-粗的分布模式。现代河口湾平面上自陆向海依次发育受潮流影响的河流沉积、粉砂质砂坎、潮道-潮流砂脊复合体和湾口泥质沉积区,沉积物呈现粗-细-粗-细的分布模式,与大多数河口湾常见的粗-细-粗的分布格局明显不同。     

Sedimentation in a tropical, microtidal, wave-dominated coastal-plain estuary

The Mono estuary is an infilled, microtidal estuary located on the wave-dominated Bight of Benin coast which is subject to very strong eastward longshore drift. The estuarine fill comprises a thick unit of lagoonal mud deposited in a ‘central basin’between upland fluvial deposits and estuary-mouth wave-tide deposits. This lagoonal fill is capped by organic-rich tidal flat mud. In addition to tidal flat mud, the superficial facies overlying the ‘central basin’fill include remnants of spits resting on transgressive/washover sand, an estuary-mouth association of beach, shoreface, flood-tidal delta and tidal inlet deposits, and a thin sheet of fluvial sediments deposited over tidal flat mud. After an initial phase of spit intrusion over the infilled central basin east of the present Mono channel, the whole estuary mouth became bounded by a regressive barrier formed from sand supplied by the Volta Delta during the middle Holocene eustatic highstand. Barrier progradation ceased late in the Holocene following the establishment of an equilibrium plan-form shoreline alignment that allowed through-drift of Volta sand to sediment sinks further downdrift. Over the same period, accretion, from fluvially supplied sediments, of the estuarine plain close to the limit of spring high tides, or, over much of the lower valley, into a fluvial plain no longer subject to tidal flooding, induced marked meandering of the Mono and its tidal distributaries in response to confinement of much of the tidal prism to these channels. The process resulted in erosion of spit/washover and regressive barrier sand, and in reworking of the tidal flat and floodbasin deposits. The strong longshore drift, equilibrium shoreline alignment and the year-round persistence of a tidal inlet maintained by discharge from the Mono and from Lake Ahémé have resulted in a stationary barrier that is reworked by a mobile inlet. The Mono example shows that advanced estuarine infill may result in considerable facies reworking, obliteration of certain facies and marked spatial imbrication of fluvial, estuarine and wave-tide-deposited facies, and confirms patterns of sedimentary change described for microtidal estuaries on wave-influenced coasts. In addition, this study shows that local environmental factors such as sediment supply relative to limited accommodation space, and strong longshore drift, which may preclude accumulation of sediments in the vicinity of the estuary mouth, may lead to infilled equilibrium or near-equilibrium estuaries that will not necessarily evolve into deltas.     

川西峨眉晚古生代和中生代河流沉积中的痕迹化石群落

川西峨眉地区晚古生代和中生代地层中可识别出三种不同河流沉积环境的痕迹化石群落:(1)Scoyenia-Rhizoliths痕迹群落,产于上二叠统沙湾组,代表一种炎热潮湿气候条件下的远源曲流河沉积环境;(2)Trichichnus特化痕迹群落,发育于下三叠统飞仙关组,属近海冲积平原上时常干旱且环境条件不稳定的河流沉积环境;(3)Scoyenia-Rusophycus痕迹群落,产自上白垩统夹关组,反映经常干旱和周期性泛滥的内陆河流沉积环境.     

陕西富平中奥陶统金粟山组的遗迹化石及沉积环境

陕西富平中奥陶统金粟山组产有大量遗迹化石。本文建立了第三段的Paleodictyon遗迹群落;认为二、三段的遗迹组合相当于Nereites遗迹相。同时利用遗迹化石进行了沉积环境分析。认为金粟山组的沉积环境自上而下经历了碳酸盐台地-盆地边缘-陆坡下部-陆坡上部的演变。     

Axial zonation patterns of subtidal macrozoobenthos in the Gamtoos estuary,South Africa

The distribution of macroinfauna was quantified in subtidal, soft-bottom habitats, extending from the estuarine mouth to the tidal head of the Gamtoos—a small, shallow, temperate estuary situated on the south coast of South Africa. Sampling covered the full salinity gradient from fresh to marine waters, and all sediment types from marine sands to fluvial silts. A total of 35 taxa was recorded, of which 22 occurred throughout the year. Species richness and diversity declined from the seawater-dominated mouth region toward the fresh water section at the tidal head of the estuary. Sediment type generally bore no clear relation to biotic diversity. A marked drop in salinity between winter and summer sample series (Δ 0.2‰ to 24‰) coincided with a reduction of mean macrofaunal density by 70%, a more seaward relocation, and a compression of axial ranges of most taxa. Numerical classification and ordination of faunistically similar regions and of co-occurring species delineated four habitat zones along the longitudinal axis of the estuary which harbour four distinct macrofaunal assemblages: 1) A tidal inlet area with salinities close to seawater; clean, coarse, marine sands, rich in CaCO₃ harbour a stenohaline fauna normally found on adjacent, marine sandy beaches. 2) In the lower reaches, where fine, fluvial silts of high organic content prevail, euryhaline polychaetes dominate the macrozoobenthic community; bottom salinities in this zone seldom dropped below 25‰ 3) The middle reaches, characterized by oligohaline- to polyhaline waters, stretch over sandy sediments of intermediate carbonate, silt, and organic fractions; the fauna comprises typical estuarine forms, which occurred throughout most of the estuary except at its seaward and landward limits. 4) The upper reaches encompass the limnetic waters near the tidal head of the estuary with sediments in this zone being composed mostly of coarse, clean sands, low in CaCO₃; the macrobenthos in this region is dominated by taxa of freshwater origin, which generally do not penetrate seaward beyond the oligohaline waters, and by exceptionally euryhaline estuarine species. Salinity appears as the main factor in controlling faunal assemblages at both extremes of the estuarine gradient (i.e., tidal inlet and head), whereas sediment type delineates between communities in the mesohaline to polyhaline reaches. Axial (i.e., from tidal inlet to tidal head of the estuary) zonation patterns of macroinfauna broadly matched those of mesozooplankton and fishes, supporting the notion of a general structure underlying species distribution patterns in the Gamtoos estuary.