嫩江下游现代河流沉积特征

本文运用河流沉积学原理，以黑龙江省富裕县塔哈乡大马岗嫩江现代沉积露头为例，利用探槽，探坑及钻井获取的野外露头资料及室内各种微观分析测试资料，对嫩江下游现代河流沉积特征进行了详细研究，研究表明，该区河流积积自上而下包括了两种河型沉积，底部是以砾石沉积为主的辫状河沉积，其砾石层厚＞5米，横向上可追踪数百米，上部为一低能量曲流河点坝沉积，以中砾质细砂及粉砂沉积为主，底部无明显冲刷面，发育低角度槽状交错层理，同沉积变形层理及波状交错层理，向上过渡为天然堤的粉砂质泥与粉矿薄互层沉积及漫滩粉砂质泥沉积，其整体沉积特征是在一个辫状河泛滥平原上发育起来的低能源曲流河沉积，这一研究为地下复杂的河流相地层识 提供了一个新的实例。     

南襄盆地泌阳凹陷深水湖底扇厘定及碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学物源追踪

针对南襄盆地泌阳凹陷程店深水区湖底扇沉积体,进行了岩心、粒度、薄片、重矿等测试资料、砂体结构及地球物理响应的综合分析.结果发现,湖底扇砂体横向与平面结构呈现孤立特征,岩性总体偏细,具粗粒岩性,以块状岩相为主体,显示出砂质碎屑流流态特点,含波状层理和交错层理的层理发育的岩相,2类岩相具分异粒度特征.湖底扇沉积体显示出明显...     

现代渭河西安段沉积体沉积相与岩相特征

以渭河西安段草滩沉积体为例, 通过剖面和探槽的详细研究, 结合野外密集采样及样品的分析结果, 对现代渭河草滩沉积体的粒度特征、沉积相、岩相、地层层序及沉积模式进行了综合研究。结果表明, 现代渭河草滩河流沉积体主要由砂质、泥质和少量砾质沉积物组成, 是一个由三期沉积旋回组成的曲流河沉积体。在现代渭河草滩沉积体内部, 共识别出6种岩相, 即平行层理含细砾粗砂岩相、槽状交错层理中细砂岩相、平行层理中细砂岩相、块状层理含砾中砂岩相、交错层理含砾中砂岩和块状层理泥岩相;3种沉积微相, 即河床滞留沉积、边滩和泛滥平原, 这些沉积微相构成了草滩沉积体内部垂向上三套不同的沉积层序:下部为含砾粗砂和中砂组成的河床亚相层序, 砂质沉积厚度较大;中部为一个完整的曲流河沉积层序, 由滞留沉积、边滩和泛滥平原沉积构成;上部则主要为边滩和泛滥平原沉积层序。粒度分析结果表明河床滞留沉积物中的砂体粒径多分布在0.2~1.2 mm, 边滩沉积物中砂体粒径多分布在0.1~1.0 mm, 两者均是良好的砂矿体, 是建筑用砂的良好来源。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘大宁—吉县地区山西组页岩岩相与沉积相特征

以鄂尔多斯盆地东缘大宁—吉县地区二叠系山西组为研究对象,综合应用岩心、薄片及测井资料,开展山32亚段岩相类型、岩相组合和沉积相研究,研究结果表明:山32亚段包括粉砂质泥岩/页岩相、纹层状层理含粉砂泥岩/页岩相、透镜状层理粉砂质泥岩/页岩相、钙质页岩相、煤层、碳质页岩相、黑色页岩相、波状层理泥质粉砂岩相、交错层理中—细砂...     

基于Kohonen神经网络的页岩油岩相测井识别方法

准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷二叠系芦草沟组岩性复杂,岩相多样,亟需建立配套的岩相测井识别方法。综合利用岩心薄片、常规测井与成像测井等资料对芦草沟组的岩性、沉积构造等特征进行研究,在此基础上进行岩相类型划分,并分析不同岩相的测井响应特征,建立岩相测井评价模型。结果表明,研究区主要由云质泥岩、泥质粉砂岩、粉砂质泥岩等岩性组成;根据岩心的矿物组成,考虑在岩心尺度上的可区分性、测井中的可识别性,划分出块状白云质泥岩相、平行/波状层理泥质粉砂岩相、块状泥岩相、块状泥晶白云岩相、平行层理粉砂岩相和波状/水平层理粉砂质泥岩相6种主要岩相类型。在此基础上通过岩心刻度测井资料建立岩相判别准则,并利用Kohonen神经网络方法实现单井岩相测井自动判别,划分结果与薄片匹配较好。研究成果可提高未取心井的岩相识别效率与精度,为该地区页岩油勘探提供一定的理论依据与方法支撑。     

嫩江现代河流沉积层序及沉积模式

以黑龙江省富裕县大马岗现代嫩江沉积体为例,通过深挖探槽、探坑及野外密集采样的精细解剖,详细研究了现代嫩江大马岗沉积体内部岩相、沉积微相、沉积层序及沉积模式。研究表明,大马岗河流沉积体是一个由辫状河与曲流河沉积组成的复合沉积体,其下部以辫状河砾质坝沉积为主,上部则以低能量的曲流河沉积为主。在现代嫩江大马岗沉积体内部,共识别出16种岩相,即Gm,St1,St2,Ft,Ssd,Sh,Stcb,Shcs,Sw,Sm,Fw,Fm,Fsc1,Fsc2,Mm及Mpr,发育五种亚相、六种沉积微相,即曲流河的河漫滩沉积微相、决口扇微相、天然堤微相、点坝微相、辫状河的溢岸微相及心滩微相。这些沉积微相构成了大马岗沉积体内部垂向上三套不同的沉积层序:下部层序以砾石质沉积为主,为辫状河沉积形成;中部层序为一个完整的曲流河沉积层序,以曲流河点坝沙及溢岸漫滩泥沉积构成;上部沉积层序则为曲流河泛滥及决口沉积形成。通过沉积微相及沉积层序分析,本文建立了一种新型的河流复合沉积模式,进一步丰富了河流沉积学理论。     

大港滩海埕北断阶区沙河街组三段、二段近岸水下扇沉积微相特征

大港滩海埕北断阶区沙河街组沙三段、沙二段砂体是由辫状水道控制的近岸水下扇。主要发育基质支撑砂砾岩相、颗粒支撑砂砾岩相、正递变层理砾岩相、含砾砂岩相、逆递变层理砾岩相、含砾砂岩相、泥质支撑砂岩相和粉砂岩相,粒度粗是其主要特征;水平层理、块状层理、平行层理、交错层理、波状层理、包卷层理和变形层理十分发育;砂球、重荷模、砂岩脉和冲刷面等沉积构造也十分发育：电阻率曲线呈正韵律,曲线由高幅至中幅呈钟形及箱形,与不同岩性和不同沉积相具良好对应关系。通过对区内各井的岩性组合观察,结合各砂层组的沉积特征及其相应的测井相标志将研究区近岸水下扇划分为2个亚相和5个微相：扇中(包括辫状水道、辫状水道间和扇中前缘)和扇端亚相(扇端泥、扇端席状砂)。其中扇中辫状水道为主要储集层。     

柴北缘石炭系克鲁克组泥页岩岩相特征与沉积环境分析

柴北缘石炭系克鲁克组发育了一套厚层富有机质细粒沉积岩,是研究区页岩气勘探的主力层系。克鲁克组泥页岩形成于陆表海沉积环境,与深海富硅质泥页岩和湖相富碳酸盐泥页岩具有显著差异,目前研究程度相对较低,因此对其开展岩相与沉积环境研究具有十分重要的沉积学与油气地质学意义。通过野外露头和岩心观察,薄片鉴定、X射线衍射分析等技术,以区分标志明显、易于识别为主要原则,综合矿物组成、沉积构造、化石组合及其他混入物等因素,将柴北缘石炭系克鲁克组泥页岩划分出10种主要岩相类型,分别指示不同的沉积微环境。其中,煤岩、水平层理碳质黏土岩、透镜状层理粉砂质黏土岩、波状层理黏土质粉砂岩、脉状层理粉砂岩均属于潮坪沉积;富含菱铁矿结核的块状黏土岩为潟湖沉积;块状泥灰岩和块状生屑灰岩属碳酸盐台地沉积;而含介壳粉砂型泥岩和介壳型泥岩则属于潟湖与局限台地之间的过渡沉积,具有原地混积的特点。由于陆表海平缓的古坡脚,致使区内沉积体系受短期海平面升降变化影响显著,随滨线快速迁移,不同沉积环境的泥页岩在垂向上频繁叠置,交互出现,可总结出3种主要的岩相组合类型,分别形成于局限台地相潟湖相潮坪相组合,局限台地相潟湖相组合和局限台地相生物碎屑浅滩相组合。在泥页岩的岩相类型、特征、沉积环境及垂向演化序列研究的基础上,最终建立了陆表海泥页岩沉积模式。     

北部湾盆地涠洲11A油田流一中亚段沉积储层研究

北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷涠洲11A油田流沙港组一段中亚段沉积岩性复杂，储层纵横向变化快，分布规模和连通性难以预测，严重影响油田开采效果。通过岩心观察描述、三维地震解析、岩石粒度、岩相、测井相、现代沉积类比分析研究认为，流一中亚段沉积流体作用控制着砂体及储层类型，其中辫状溪流底负载沉积(槽状交错层理砂岩相St、板状交错层理砂岩相Sp、沙纹层理砂岩相Sr)、砂质碎屑流沉积(块状层理颗粒支撑砾岩相Gmg、正粒序砂砾岩相Gn)与浊流沉积(正粒序水平层理粉砂岩相Fhn)可形成有利储层，主要分布于扇三角洲前缘辫状水道、辫流坝、河口坝和席状砂微相中；探讨了油田流一中亚段4个中期旋回沉积微相空间展布规律和几何形态；提出扇三角洲前缘5类8种砂体叠置模式、连通特征和成因机制，建立了储层概念模型和主力沉积微相宽度、厚度和宽厚比经验值，为油田后续开发井网部署提供科学依据。     

江西修水地区中元古界双桥山群修水组内波内潮汐沉积

详细论述了江西修水地区中元古界双桥山群修水组中的深水牵引流内波内潮汐的沉积特征及形成环境。深水牵引流内波内潮汐沉积具双向递变、单向递变和对偶层递变层序；其岩相可划分为双向交错层理砂岩相，单向交错层理砂岩相，砂岩、板岩薄互层相，波状、脉状、透镜状细砂岩、粉砂岩、板岩相；发育双向和单向交错层理、曲线型和干涉波痕及波状、脉状、透镜状层理；在综合分析的基础上，进一步建立了该区水道型和非水道型内波内潮汐沉积模式。     

Alluvial deposits of a mud-dominated stream: the Red River, Manitoba, Canada

Abstract The Red River, Manitoba, is a mud‐dominated, meandering stream that occupies a shallow valley eroded into a clay plain. The valley‐bottom alluvium is the product of incision and lateral migration of river meanders. As revealed by a transect of five boreholes located across the floodplain at each of two successive river meanders, the alluvial deposits range from about 15 to 22 m thick and are composed primarily of silt. Sedimentary structures in the cores are weakly defined and consist mostly of beds of massive silt, thick (>0·4 m) massive silt and disturbed silt. Interlaminated sand and silt, and sand beds form relatively minor deposits, principally within the lower half of the alluvium, and thin beds of medium‐coarse sand and pea gravel can be present locally within the lower metre of the alluvium. The alluvium is interpreted to consist of overbank deposits from 0 to 2–3 m depth, oblique accretion deposits from 2–3 to 8–12 m depth and oblique accretion and/or channel deposits from 8–12 m to the base of the sequence. The massive bedding within the oblique accretion deposits is interpreted to represent the remnants of couplet deposits that were initially composed of interbedded, muddy silt and sand‐sized silt aggregates, as is consistent with the contemporary bank sedimentation. The post‐depositional disintegration and/or compaction of the aggregates has caused the loss of the sand‐sized texture. The disturbed silt beds are interpreted as slump structures caused by large‐scale rotational failures along the convex banks. Overall, the Red River represents a portion of a continuum of muddy, fine‐grained streams; where the alluvium lacks a distinct coarse unit, oblique accretion deposits form a majority of the floodplain, and large‐scale slump features are present.     

湖相重力流水道沉积特征与沉积模式:以鄂尔多斯盆地瑶曲铁路桥剖面三叠系延长组为例*

陆相深水重力流水道的类型细分及其沉积模式是制约其油气勘探开发的重要因素,但研究程度低。通过对鄂尔多斯盆地南缘瑶曲铁路桥剖面三叠系延长组实测、水道形态参数统计及岩相、粒度等分析,开展了湖相重力流水道的沉积特征、沉积过程及沉积模式研究。结果表明:(1)研究区内可识别出4期复合水道,主要为洪水重力流成因。根据其内部单一水道及单砂体形态特征、岩相组成,将其细分为沉积型和过渡型两类。(2)剖面下部2期复合水道为沉积型,以悬浮载荷成因岩相为主,常见块状净细砂岩、薄层泥岩岩相组合和鲍马序列岩相组合;上部2期复合水道为过渡型,岩相以底床载荷与悬浮载荷共存为特征,自下而上以交错层理细砂岩或叠瓦状泥砾细砂岩与含泥砾/泥岩撕裂屑块状细砂岩、平行层理粗粉砂岩及薄层泥岩的岩相组合为特征。(3)结合单一水道规模及其相互关系,建立了区内过渡、沉积型重力流水道的半定量沉积模式。过渡型水道内部侵蚀与沉积作用共存,单一水道宽度小、宽厚比低,呈透镜状,水道间切割性强,砂体横向稳定性较低,表现出不定向叠加、侧向拼接样式;沉积型水道内部由沉积作用主导,单一水道宽度较大、宽厚比较高,呈似板状—透镜状,砂体横向稳定性较高,表现出稳定的垂向加积样式。     

Fluvial gravel facies architecture of late Pleistocene age at Po Chue Tam, Lantau Island, Hong Kong: tectonic versus climatic control?

A cross-section of fluvial gravel deposits of late Pleistocene age exposed at Po Chue Tam, Lantau Island, Hong Kong contains two facies: a lower facies of planar cross-bedded gravel (Gp) and an overlying facies of clast-supported, massive gravels (Gcm). The Gp gravels include five gravel couplets. Each couplet consists of a clast-supported, coarse gravel-dominated bed and an overlying clast-supported, fine gravel-dominated bed with a discrete bounding surface. Tectonic uplift predating the last interglacial transgression produced a large amount of detritus in the source area. Excessive peak rainfall intensity resulting from enhanced seasonality of monsoonal precipitation in the following glacial period triggered catastrophic floods, which transported mature detritus in large quantities into a fault-controlled piedmont basin. The Gp gravels were deposited by pulsating flood flows. In relation to kinematic waves of particles, bedload sediment was longitudinally sorted and segregated into a train of gravel sheets. They draped over each other and accreted laterally due to expansion of flow, producing planar cross stratifications that are characteristic of recurrent, couplet-style coarse/fine cross beds. In contrast, Gcm gravels were laid down as a single, nearly horizontal bed by a catastrophic flood that was not subject to flow pulsation.     

Sedimentology and architecture of the Douglas Creek terminal splay,Lake Eyre,central Australia

Douglas Creek terminal splay, sited on the western shoreline of Lake Eyre North, central Australia, covers a surface area of approximately 4 km² with a down‐system length of 2·5 km from the distributary channels terminus to the splay fringe. Two distributary channels feed two sediment lobes which have amalgamated to form the terminal splay. Three primary facies associations have been identified sub‐dividing the creek terminus into distributary channel, proximal and distal splay sections. Proximal splay sediments are characterized by erosionally based, relatively thick (> 100 mm), stacked sheets of coarse to medium sand which commonly display trough and planar cross‐bedding, whereas the distal splay is characterized by thin (generally < 50 mm) massive beds of very fine sand, silt and clay. The change in splay sedimentology is interpreted as reflecting the transition from bedload‐dominated deposition to suspended load‐dominated deposition from decelerating sheetfloods as they spread out from the channel onto the dry lake bed. A proximal to distal splay transition zone is also noted where deposits of both facies associations interfinger laterally and vertically. In scale, geometry and facies associations, the Douglas Creek terminal splay is very different to the often cited Neales terminal splay complex located 70 km to the north. It is suggested that these architectural differences reflect variations in discharge volume, input sediment distribution and the degree of vegetation cover. Understanding the variation in terminal splay architecture has very significant implications for the modelling of analogous subsurface petroleum systems, which at present relies on few modern‐day analogues.     

干旱气候环境下季节性河流沉积特征——以库车河剖面下白垩统为例

通过对库车河剖面下白垩统巴西改组—古近系库姆格列木群底部的沉积露头实测,分析砂岩岩性组合、沉积构造特征、砾岩特征及沉积古环境,并结合现代天山南北季节性河流沉积特征,认为干旱气候条件下发育的季节性河流及季节性河流三角洲是白垩纪库车坳陷发育的重要沉积体系.下白垩统巴什基奇克组砂岩特征与现今广泛发育的季节性河流沉积特征极为相似,既有较为典型的河流相正韵律砂体大面积沉积,河道底部内碎屑泥砾与厚层块状的大型交错层理等砂岩,又显示出高能细砂岩和高能粉砂岩沉积,并具有较低的成分成熟度和较高的结构成熟度基本特征.在此基础上,建立了库车河剖面下白垩统巴西改组—巴什基奇克组沉积相模式:巴西改组沉积时期,库车坳陷发育面积较大的宽浅型湖泊,天山前发育的季节性河流进入湖泊后形成季节性河流三角洲;巴什基奇克组沉积时期,古天山前出现了多个小型湖泊,古天山山前发育大量的季节性辫状河与多个小型季节性辫状三角洲沉积.     

古陆架砂脊沉积特征及其石油地质意义: 以塔里木盆地志留系柯坪塔格组下段为例

塔里木盆地顺托果勒低隆起志留系柯坪塔格组下段发育的陆架砂脊为了解古陆架砂脊沉积建造提供了一个理想实例.利用测井和岩心资料, 根据沉积物的岩性和沉积构造特征, 将陆架砂脊划分为6个岩性相: 块状层理中-细砂岩性相(FA1)、丘状交错层理中-细砂岩性相(FA2)、含撕裂状泥砾的中-细砂岩性相(FA3)、双向交错层理含粘土层的细砂岩性相(FA4)、潮汐层理的细砂岩与泥岩互层岩性相(FA5)和水平层理陆架泥岩性相(FA6);依据岩性相的组合特征, 将陆架砂脊划分为4个沉积微相: 砂脊核微相(FA1-FA2-FA3)、砂脊内缘微相(FA4)、砂脊外缘微相(FA5)和陆架泥微相(FA6);陆架砂脊沉积受陆架潮汐、风暴浪的共同影响.利用钻井约束的三维地震切片属性分析, 确定了NE-SW向和NW-SE向两组古陆架砂脊的平面展布特征.古陆架砂脊储层为特低孔、特低渗, 其中砂脊核微相储层物性相对较好, 平均孔隙度6.96%、平均渗透率0.34×10-3 μm2; 工业油流主要集中在砂脊核微相储层.古陆架砂脊的砂体多呈脊状或丘状并被厚层的陆架泥披覆, 常形成同沉积的微幅背斜-岩性圈闭.