土壤碳及其在地球表层系统碳循环中的意义

本文回顾了近１０年来国内外对土壤碳研究的主要进展,分析了土壤碳的移动性及其影响因素,着重针对陆地系统碳汇饱和问题介绍了土壤碳对大气CO²源汇效应的碳转移过程及其在地球表层系统碳循环中的作用,指出应加强对土壤碳转移及其对全球变化的响应、土壤碳固存对大气CO²调控的机制和动态的研究,以便为缓解陆地系统碳汇饱和提供科学依据。     

1986—2019年黑龙江省松嫩平原表层土壤有机碳变化及固碳潜力估算

土壤有机碳(SOC)是评价土壤肥力和固碳能力的重要指标。因此,研究土壤有机碳的变化,对准确评价区域土壤固碳潜力,实现土壤资源的可持续利用具有重要的意义。利用黑龙江省第二次土壤普查数据和2019年实测土壤数据,运用GIS空间分析方法,分析了1986—2019年黑龙江省松嫩平原表层(0～20 cm)土壤有机碳密度(SOCD)的时空变化特征,运用土壤类型法估算了土壤有机碳储量,运用平衡法估算了土壤固碳潜力。结果表明:30多年来表层SOCD平均减少1.06 kg/m~2,SOCD减少的地区主要分布在黑龙江省松嫩平原中部和东南部地区;表层SOC储量减少约143.99 Tg, SOC储量减少较多的土壤类型是草甸土、黑钙土和黑土,三者减少量占总SOC储量减少量的84.55%;当前黑龙江省松嫩平原表层土壤固碳潜力为-2.08 Tg,其中暗棕壤、白浆土、黑土为正潜力,其余土壤类型为负潜力。建议通过增施有机化肥、秸秆还田、推广免耕少耕等方法措施,以提高松嫩平原土壤固碳潜力。     

松辽平原土壤碳库变化及其原因分析

基于东北松辽平原多目标区域地球化学调查数据,计算了表层(0～20 cm)土壤有机碳密度和储量,与全国第二次土壤普查时的土壤有机碳密度进行对比研究,分析了土壤有机碳密度变化的主要影响因素。结果表明:松辽平原不同土壤类型表层土壤有机碳与无机碳构成比例存在明显差异,沼泽土、暗棕壤、泥炭土、白浆土、水稻土、黑土等有机碳含量占土壤总碳含量的90%以上;栗钙土、潮土、风沙土、褐土等土壤有机碳含量占总碳含量80%以下。研究区当前表层土壤有机碳储量约为1 448 Tg,自20世纪80年代以来减少约115.94 Tg,下降了7.4%,其中进入大气估算约为104.88 Tg,占土壤有机碳损失的90.5%。不同土地利用方式中,旱地减少76.12 Tg,对大气贡献CO_2最大,其次为盐碱地和草地,分别减少16.32 Tg和15.93 Tg。研究认为,造成土壤碳库减少的主要原因是30年来松辽平原气温的升高,旱地和草地由于温度升高引起的土壤有机碳库减少占总损失的70%,而包括农业生产、土地利用变化、水土流失等因素导致的有机碳减少仅占总损失的30%左右。     

广东四会古森林地下生态系统14 C地层年代学研究*

运用AMS-¹⁴ C定年技术,研究了被埋藏水松古木的发育和死亡时间以及土壤剖面中总有机碳的¹⁴ C表观年龄和细根的¹⁴ C年龄。结果表明:该地区的水松古木开始发育和死亡的时间大致为4~3kaB.P. 。根据土壤有机碳¹⁴ C的表观年龄,该土壤剖面的¹⁴ C年代地层可以分为3层,分别为:1)表层,2634±32~3305±29aB.P. ; 2)腐殖层,3305±29~3813±31aB.P. ; 3)基底,3813±31~4544±33aB.P. 。基底、腐殖土层和表层的沉积速率分别为0.55mm/a, 4.33mm/a和0.26mm/a。 细根的¹⁴ C年龄变化范围为2290±29~3542±28aB.P. ,较同层位的土壤有机碳的年龄年轻。腐殖层土壤中有机碳含量高达33 ％ ~46 ％ ,大多数有机碳仍处于未分解状态。该地区自4~3kaB.P.以来,环境演化可能经历了由陆到沼泽再到被水淹没最后又变成陆地的过程,植被从以水松为优势种的森林群落演化成当前以常绿阔叶林为主的森林生态群落,气候和海平面变化、地质构造运动和人类活动是这种环境演化的主要驱动因子。     

长江中下游不同类型湖泊沉积物营养盐 蓄积变化过程及其原因分析*

在长江中下游的洪湖、太湖、巢湖采集了沉积柱样,测定了总有机碳、总氮、磷,并采用²¹⁰ Pb和¹³⁷ Cs定年。洪湖1950年以来沉积物中营养元素急剧增加,巢湖在20世纪70年代以来营养元素开始增加,而在太湖中则为80年代。结果表明草型湖中有机质增加比藻型湖迅速,洪湖湖泊沉积物有机质迅速增加与围垦活动开始时间一致。沉积物中总磷的变化不如总有机碳、总氮的变化规律性明显。洪湖两钻孔总磷背景值为0.7~0.8g/kg,太湖钻孔其总磷本底为0.6g/kg,梅梁湾大量钻孔表明总磷本底在0.5g/kg;巢湖的则更低。对比湖泊类型来看,目前为藻型湖的沉积本底磷偏低,而目前为草型湖的沉积本底磷偏高,这可能与不同生态类型湖泊营养元素的生物地球化学循环与积累的方式有关。     

1986—2019年黑龙江省松嫩平原表层土壤有机碳变化及固碳潜力估算

土壤有机碳(SOC)是评价土壤肥力和固碳能力的重要指标。因此,研究土壤有机碳的变化,对准确评价区域土壤固碳潜力,实现土壤资源的可持续利用具有重要的意义。利用黑龙江省第二次土壤普查数据和2019年实测土壤数据,运用GIS空间分析方法,分析了1986—2019年黑龙江省松嫩平原表层(0~20 cm)土壤有机碳密度(SOCD)的时空变化特征,运用土壤类型法估算了土壤有机碳储量,运用平衡法估算了土壤固碳潜力。结果表明:30多年来表层SOCD平均减少1.06 kg/m²,SOCD减少的地区主要分布在黑龙江省松嫩平原中部和东南部地区;表层SOC储量减少约143.99 Tg,SOC储量减少较多的土壤类型是草甸土、黑钙土和黑土,三者减少量占总SOC储量减少量的84.55%;当前黑龙江省松嫩平原表层土壤固碳潜力为-2.08 Tg,其中暗棕壤、白浆土、黑土为正潜力,其余土壤类型为负潜力。建议通过增施有机化肥、秸秆还田、推广免耕少耕等方法措施,以提高松嫩平原土壤固碳潜力。     

江西省鄱阳湖及周边经济区土壤有机碳储量分布特征

土壤是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,土壤碳储量研究在碳循环和全球变化中具有重要意义。本文利用江西省鄱阳湖及周边经济区多目标区域地球化学调查取得的土壤碳数据,计算了研究区表层、中层、深层土壤的全碳储量和有机碳储量,分析其有机碳储量和有机碳密度的分布特征。结果表明：研究区总体碳储量是以有机碳储量为主;表层土壤（0~0.2 m）的有机碳密度为3512 t/km²,有机碳储量为1.38亿吨;中层土壤（0~1.0 m）的有机碳密度为11156 t/km²,有机碳储量为4.39亿吨;深层土壤（0~1.8 m）的有机碳密度为15617 t/km²,有机碳储量为6.14亿吨。与全国农业地质调查数据进行对比,研究区表层土壤的有机碳密度高于全国农业地质调查区内表层土壤有机碳密度的10.86%,中层及深层土壤的有机碳密度与全国农业地质调查区平均水平接近,显示研究区土壤的有机碳储量巨大。进一步分析研究区不同土壤类型、不同土地利用类型、不同地貌单元、不同行政单元的土壤有机碳密度及有机碳储量,系统查明了土壤有机碳的分布和分配特征。研究认为,区域内各层土壤有机碳密度空间分布具有同一性特征,与所处区域的成土地质背景和植被覆盖率密切相关。土壤有机碳密度高值区均分布在山地和丘陵区,包括江西丰城市北部、高安市南部、乐平市周边地区等古生代炭质岩和煤系地层区,其中乐平市表层土壤的有机碳密度最高;低值区均分布在湖区和水系河谷地区。该成果可为江西省的碳循环和碳排放研究提供可靠的数据基础。     

耕作措施对陕西耕作土壤碳储量的影响模拟*

鉴于农业生态系统土壤有机碳(SOC)平衡对中国农业可持续发展的重要性,文章以陕西农业生态系统为对象,整合农业生物地球化学模型(DNDC)与陕西农业地理信息系统数据库,利用陕西地区气象和作物资料,对陕西省2000年作物生长发育和土壤碳循环进行了模型模拟,实例探讨了耕作管理对土壤碳储量的影响,并由此评价生物地球化学模型在气候变化、土壤性质及农业耕作管理措施对土壤碳含量影响方面的预测能力。敏感性分析表明土壤性状,尤其是初始有机碳含量是影响模型区域尺度模拟的最主要敏感因素。区域模拟使用灵敏系数分析法,分别采用敏感因子的最大、最小值驱动模型在每一模拟单元内的运算,以产生一个土壤有机碳变化的范围值,土壤有机碳变化的真实值应以较大机率包含在这一范围内。分析模拟结果可以得出3点结论: 1)2000年陕西耕作土壤总有机碳储量约为103TgC,是一个大气CO₂源,向大气释放碳0.5TgC; 2)提高作物秸秆还田率是提高陕西农田碳库储量的有效可行措施,将作物秸秆还田率从当前的15 ％ 提高到50 ％ 或90 ％ 会使陕西农田土壤从大气CO₂源转变为汇,每年分别增加土壤有机碳库储量0.7TgC或2.1TgC; 3)施用有机农肥(500kg/hm²)也会增加土壤碳输入,从而提高土壤碳储量,使陕西农田系统转变为较弱的碳(C)源,每年可多固定0.2TgC。     

我国四种典型土类有机碳剖面分布特征

以中国黑土、褐土、水稻土和砖红壤4种典型农田土类为研究对象,分析了不同土类有机碳、碳氮比和有机碳密度的剖面分布特征。结果表明：土壤有机碳含量随土层加深而呈现递减趋势;褐土有机碳含量最低,固碳潜力较大;黑土、砖红壤C／N比值明显高于水稻土和褐土,各类土壤耕地表层土壤C／N比值与第二次土壤普查数据相比有明显降低,有可能会影...     

三江平原土壤碳库时空变化和影响因素研究

基于东北三江平原土壤地球化学调查数据,估算了表层土壤有机碳密度和碳储量,与全国第二次土壤普查时的土壤有机碳密度进行对比研究,分析了研究区土壤碳库储量及变化的主要影响因素。结果表明:研究区表层土壤碳以有机碳为主,不同土壤类型有机碳密度及总碳密度有明显差异,沼泽土、泥炭土相对区内其他土壤类型的有机碳密度高,平均在8 kg/m²以上。当前土壤有机碳密度>8.4 kg/m²的分布区面积较20世纪80年代明显减少。研究区表层(0~20 cm)土壤有机碳当前储量约为348 Tg,30年间土壤有机碳减少了293.07 Tg,较基期下降45.7%,其中随河流迁出的有机碳约为1.46 Tg。沼泽湿地转变为耕地的土壤有机碳密度平均减少2.8 kg/m²以上。研究认为造成研究区土壤有机碳下降的主要原因是土地利用的急剧变化。沼泽地转为旱地有机碳损失最大,损失达63.47%。其他开垦变化类型造成土壤有机碳损失在40%~50%之间。研究区30年来温度升高导致表层土壤有机碳减少约7.4 Tg,占表层土壤有机碳总减少量的2.52%。     

吉林中西部地区土壤有机碳储量及其时空变化特征

利用多目标区域地球化学调查的实测数据,估算了吉林中西部地区表层土壤的有机碳密度和储量.结果表明,在不同深度的分布层次上,表层(0～0.2m)土壤对有机碳的积累较弱,SOC储量占到全层(0～1.8m)储量的23.8%,中上层(0～1.Om)储量则占到全层储量的95.7%.从上壤类型看,表层SOC密度较高的有暗棕壤(636...     

中国土壤有机碳库量与农业土壤碳固定动态的若干问题

在整理和统计国内对土壤有机碳及其变化的文献资料基础上,着重讨论中国土壤有机碳库及其分布、不同时期土壤有机碳的变化以及最近时期有机碳的固定趋势,分析我国不同土壤有机碳的保护机制的特点,期望对于我国当前土壤有机碳库与全球变化研究提供参考依据。我国总土壤有机碳库的估计在50—180Pg之间。估计我国表层土壤有机碳库为20Pg,它主要分配于几个与湿地和水成过程有关的土壤类型,且水稻土占有较大比例。因而我国人为土的管理在陆地生态系统碳循环与全球变化上有重要意义。     

Contribution of a sewage sludge application to the short-term carbon sequestration across a wide range of agricultural soils

The atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) have increased dramatically since the industrial revolution. The atmospheric enrichment with CO₂ and other GHGs has resulted in multiple negative consequences: such as the increase in the average temperature and the rise of the sea level. Hence, there is a growing interest in developing feasible methods to reduce the atmospheric levels of these gases. One of these strategies is to enhance C sequestration through the increase of soil organic carbon (SOC) pool by the amendment of agricultural soils with sewage sludge. However, there is considerable uncertainty about the effects (positive or negative) of sewage sludge applications on the SOC pool. Thus, a simple approach developed under laboratory conditions is presented to discern the effect of a single sewage sludge application of 50 t ha⁻¹ on the short-term SOC pool in 60 contrasting agricultural soils. The role of soil factors in the C sequestration of the recently added carbon was also studied. The application of sewage sludge supposed a mean increase of 1.7 ± 1.6 g SOC kg⁻¹, with peak increases of up to 3.8 g SOC kg⁻¹ and decreases of up to 4.6 g SOC kg⁻¹. The initial SOC contents conditioned the C sequestration after sewage sludge application, and no other soil property was related.     

表层岩溶生态系统碳循环特征研究

本文以广西桂林丫吉试验场的实际观测资料为基础,应用同位素示踪方法,探索了整个系统中碳的输入、输出和转移问题,并分析了表层岩溶生态系统中泉水水化学、土壤 CO²浓度及近地表植被层空气中CO²浓度的变化特征。结果显示,泉水水化学主要组分的日变化不明显,而土壤中CO²浓度则明显受日气候变化的影响,两者存在明显的滞后关系。用碳同位素示踪方法,重点对桂林观测站表层生态系统各碳库间碳的转移过程进行了定量研究,认为在有土壤层和植被覆盖的表层岩溶生态系统中,参与岩溶作用的碳有一半以上来源于与生物作用有关的碳。     

Erosional effects on terrestrial resources over the last millennium in Reykjanes, southwest Iceland

The study presents the effect of soil erosion on vegetation, soil accumulation (SA), SA rate (SAR), soil quality, soil mass, and the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool in Brown Andosols and Histosols in a 24-km² area in southwest Iceland. Undisturbed prehistoric soils were distinguished from disturbed historic soils using tephrochronology. Soil erosion has been severe during historic time (last 1135 yr), resulting in the increase of the soil mass deposited in soils covered by vegetation by a factor of 7.3-9.2 and net loss of soil in unvegetated areas. The SAR correlated positively with SOC sequestration. SOC is easily transported and, given the extensive accumulation of soil, the net effect of burial and subsequent reduction in decomposition is to increase SOC storage. Nevertheless, the increased accumulation and soil depletion has decreased soil quality, including the SOC, and reduced soil resistance to erosion with the depleted SOC contributing to enrichment of atmospheric CO₂. The initial terrestrial disturbance was triggered by anthropogenic land use during the Medieval Warm Period, followed by volcanic activity approximately three centuries later. The combination of harsh climate during the Little Ice Age and drastic anthropogenic perturbations has led to land degradation at a catastrophic scale.     

Soil organic carbon storage changes in Yangtze Delta region,China

Soil carbon sequestration plays an essential role in mitigating CO₂ increases and the global greenhouse effect. This paper calculates soil organic carbon (SOC) storage changes during the course of industrialization and urbanization in Yangtze Delta region, China, based on the data of the second national soil survey (1982–1985) and the regional geochemical survey (2002–2005), with the help of remote sensing images acquired in periods of 1980, 2000, 2005. The results show that soils in the top 0–20 and 0–100 cm depth in this region demonstrate the carbon sink effect from the early 1980s to the early 2000s. The SOC storage in 0–20 cm depth has resulted in increase from 213.70 to 238.65 Tg, which corresponds to the SOC density increase from 2.94 ± 1.08 to 3.28 ± 0.92 kg m⁻², and mean carbon sequestration storage and rate are 1.25 Tg a⁻¹, 17.14 g m⁻² a⁻¹, respectively. The SOC storage in 0–100 cm depth has resulted in increase from 690.26 to 792.65 Tg, which corresponds to the SOC density increase from 9.48 ± 4.22 to 10.89 ± 3.42 kg m⁻², and mean carbon sequestration storage and rate are 5.12 Tg a⁻¹, 70.32 g m⁻² a⁻¹, respectively. Urban area in Yangtze Delta region, China, increased more than 3,000 km² and the urban growth patterns circled the central city region in the past 20 years. The SOC densities in 0–20 cm depth decrease gradually along urban–suburban–countryside and the urban topsoil is slightly enriched with SOC. Compared to the data of the second national soil survey in the early 1980s, the mean SOC density in urban area increased by 0.76 kg m², or up 25.85% in the past 20 years. With the characteristics of SOC storage changes offered, land-use changes, farming system transition and ecological city construction are mainly attributed to SOC storage increases. Because of lower SOC content in this region, it is assumed that the carbon sink effect will go on in the future through improved soil management.     

Microscopic Examination of Ancient and Modern Irrigated Paddy Soils in South Korea,with Special Reference to the Formation of Silty Clay Concentration Features

Geoarchaeological investigations of Bronze Age (10th–4th centuries B.C.), early historical (4th–10th centuries A.D.), and premodern to modern paddy soils (11^th Century A.D. to contemporary) in South Korea were carried out to understand soil alteration by irrigated rice agriculture. After a review of ancient cultivation micromorphology, especially in the context of wet‐rice agriculture, paddy soils were examined from two archaeological sites, Gulhwa and Pyunggeo, which had been both intermittently occupied since the Bronze Age. This paper highlights anomalous pedofeatures (silty clay concentration features or SCCFs), repeatedly observed in both historical and modern paddy fields, which were studied using soil micromorphology, energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry (EDS), and microprobe analysis. Results suggest that there are several types of SCCFs, optically distinguishable from other textural pedofeatures. It is concluded that these SCCFs are probably associated with hydromorphic processes, formed under the influence of a tillage and repeated irrigation specific to paddy fields.     

Accumulation of trace elements in paddy topsoil of the Wudang County, Southwest China: parent materials and anthropogenic controls

The properties of soils derived from carbonate rock, red residua, and sand-shale in Guizhou province, China are essentially different. However, the effects of parent material and anthropogenic activities on the concentration of trace elements when the soils are converted into paddy soils are unknown. A total of 319 paddy topsoil samples (0–20 cm) were collected in a typical region to determine their relative contribution to the concentrations of trace elements in the soil. The results indicated that the contents of trace elements were far beyond the uncultivated soil background and the input of organic fertilizers was presumably responsible for accumulation of trace elements. In addition, principal component analysis showed that the first component included Cd, Cr, and As, which strongly associated with anthropogenic activities. Pb and Hg formed the second component, which related to both parent materials and anthropogenic input. Furthermore, the Cr and Hg contents in paddy soil derived from carbonate rock have higher values than other types of soils partly because of the high background values as well as slightly alkaline condition. In the paddy soil derived from red residua, high physical clay content accounted for enrichment of Pb.     

Organic carbon stocks and erosion in the soils of Guangdong,South China

Soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and erosion in South China at the regional scale in the past decades remains far from being understood. This paper calculated the SOC density, storage and erosion in 14 soil classes in Guangdong Province, South China, based on statistical data from the soil survey and soil erosion survey of Guangdong, which was performed in the 1990s. The purpose of this study is to understand the relationships between soil classes and SOC erosion at the regional scale. The results indicated that the SOC density in the soils of Guangdong varied from 12.7 to 144.9 Mg ha^?1 over the entire profile and from 12.6 to 68.4 Mg ha^?1 in the top 20-cm soil layer. The average area-weighted SOC density in the topsoil (0–20 cm) and the entire profile was 32 ± 3 and 86 ± 4 Mg ha^?1, respectively. The total SOC storage was 1.27 ± 0.06 Pg, with 35.6 % (0.46 ± 0.04 Pg) located in the topsoil. The average area-weighted strength of the SOC erosion in the 1990s was 20.6 ± 0.8 Mg km^?2 year^?1. The results indicated that SOC erosion was strongly related to soil class.