张北6.2级地震前的卫星热红外异常

利用张北地震前 1个月华北北部 (37～ 42°N,1 1 3～ 1 1 9°E)的气象卫星 NOAA/ AVHRR热红外遥感资料 ,提取震前热红外温度异常 ,研究其时空变化的过程和特征 ,并对热红外温度异常与地震的关系进行初步的探讨。结果表明 ,在张北地震前 1 3天沿张家口 -渤海断裂带确有显著的热红外温度异常出现。异常区域呈条带状 ,且与 NW向地质构造一致 ;温度异常的动态变化可大致分为初始、平缓发展和临震加速 3个阶段。将热红外温度异常作为一种临震前兆对强震的预报具有一定的映震效应     

2009年8月11日安达曼群岛Ms7.5地震热红外变化

应用中国静止气象卫星FY -2C红外遥感资料对2009年8月11日安达曼群岛Ms7.5地震以及近年在震中(14.21°N,92.84.E)及周围区域(5°～24°N,82.～102.E)发生的多次强震进行了研究,结果表明:Ms7.5地震发生前约两个月震中以南区域开始出现热红外异常,异常区范围随时间逐渐扩大,至震前约20...     

2011年盈江5.8级地震热辐射亮温异常分析

使用从2010年1月12日至2012年1月11日,在(20°～30°N,93°～ 103°E)范围内由中国静止气象卫星FY-2E观测的热红外遥感亮温资料,对2011年3月10日盈江5.8级地震周边地区的热红外亮温异常特征进行了研究.结果表明:从2011年3月初开始在盈江5.8级地震震中周围开始出现相对能谱异常,之后异常区域逐渐扩大并向震中区域集中,并于3月中下旬在震中偏西地区形成片状异常区域,相对能谱最大异常幅度达13倍,随后异常区域和幅度逐渐减小,地震发生后数天异常消失.     

一次卫星热红外地震前兆现象的证伪

卫星热红外异常与地震关系的研究是目前地震领域的前沿课题,而从复杂的热红外信息中提取真正由地震活动引起的红外异常则是这项研究的关键和难点所在.本文以2004年3月24日在内蒙东部发生的5.9级地震为例,对热红外异常与地震的关系及异常提取中的相关问题进行了探讨.首先对震前3个月的NOAA16卫星影像进行了分析,结果发现震前三个月研究区出现了明显的热红外增温异常.异常影象特征表现为表面光滑、亮度均匀、边界清晰的高温雾状物;异常出现的空间位置不固定,面积大小不固定,异常无明显移动方向,亮温高出周围区域约3～10K.之后,又对研究区两年的NOAA卫星影象进行了连续分析,结果发现了同样的异常现象.对比分析两年内异常的时空演化过程进一步认识到,此异常具有明显的季节性,在冬春季节重复出现.2004年3月24日的59级地震刚好发生于异常的多发期末,从震前震后短期内的卫星资料看,易将其判为震兆红外异常.最后结合研究区的地理环境和气象等因素,对异常的成因进行了探讨,认为它可能是由大气逆温引起的红外现象,并非地震前兆异常.     

利用FY-2C资料研究于田7．4级地震前的红外增温异常

利用兰州卫星热红外接收站的风云二号静止卫星资料,经过去云等数据处理,选取热红外数据最佳的北京时间夜间11时至第2天凌晨4时之间的数据作为数据源,对2008年3月21日新疆于田7.4级地震进行了热红外资料的时空分析.研究结果表明,震前1个月内出现明显的亮温异常,最大幅度达18.51°,异常沿断层走向呈带状分布,沿康西瓦断层亮温异常长度可达200多公里,沿阿尔金断层亮温异常可达1 000多公里.     

2005年10月8日巴基斯坦7.8级地震热红外异常

收集了2005年巴基斯坦7.8级地震区Noaa17/AVHRR的2004-2005年的热红外遥感资料,并进行地表温度反演,得到了以震中为中心7°×7°范围的地表温度值。经热红外图像解译与构造关系对比分析,表明热红外解译图像与构造分布具有一致性。震源区地表温度时间序列显示:震前大约3个月内震源区存在明显的热红外异常。     

2018年5月28日松原MS5.7地震热红外亮温异常分析

基于2016年5月29日—2018年5月28日中国静止气象卫星FY-2E （FY-2G）的连续亮温观测数据,利用连续小波变换法分析了2018年5月28日松原M_S5.7地震前震中附近（119°E—134°E,40°N—50°N）热红外亮温相对小波能谱的时空演化。结果显示:自2018年2月起,热红外亮温相对小波能谱首先在北西向的第二松花江断裂前郭部分出现高值异常;随后异常范围沿第二松花江断裂前郭部分和扶余—肇东断裂扩展,至2018年3月异常范围及幅值达到峰值;而后异常空间分布逐渐向震中附近收缩成一条NE走向的沿扶余—肇东断裂分布的窄带状区域,异常幅值逐渐降低;最终于４月中旬异常在该区域内消失,其后约40天发生松原M_S5.7地震,震中位于异常区域的边缘。此外,本文还分析了2013年以来研究区域内热红外亮温相对小波能谱高值异常与所发生地震的对应关系,结果显示:在7组异常中有4组异常出现后有地震发生,且此4次地震为该时段内研究区内所发生的所有浅源地震。      

台湾南投7.6级地震前卫星红外异常

1999年 9月 2 1日台湾南投 7.6级大地震前 1 0天 (9月 1 2日 ) ,笔者注意到卫星红外异常情况 ,并于 9月 1 4日向浙江省地震局监测预报中心作了口头通报 :“近期台湾或其海峡一带将有大震发生”1,并请金华市气象台将卫星云图资料保存下来 2 .这些云图是一份宝贵的临震红外异常记录 ,现予公布 ,供大家研讨 .1　临震卫星红外异常时空演变纪实笔者获悉 9月 1 0日 2 2时台湾东海域发生 5.2级地震后 ,9月 1 2日就去金华气象台观测卫星红外云图 .从震前的 GMS卫星云图 (图 1 )可见 :在原本基本均一的台湾东部洋面上 ,1 999年 9月 4日 2 3时 (世界…     

对2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震前断层带红外增温异常的讨论

利用NOAA卫星热红外遥感图像对东昆仑断裂带进行解译分析 ,并结合红外亮温的数值化处理 ,对比研究了地震活动比较平静的 1 999年和 2 0 0 1年昆仑山 8 1级地震前后的资料。结果表明 ,季节性的气象因素对断裂带的影响很大。在初冬季节 ,断裂带内的红外亮温值等于甚至高于周围环境温度。同时对比分析东昆仑断裂与阿尔金断裂的亮度温度也发现 ,在秋冬季的季节过渡期 ,气象因素对不同地物热惯量的影响很大。因此认为 ,前人提出的 2 0 0 1年 1 1月 1 4日发生在东昆仑断裂带上的 8 1级地震的震前红外辐射的增温异常 ,其中包含了随季节变化的自然现象 ,与地震有关的异常信息还有待于进一步探讨     

基于MODIS数据的伽师—阿图什交界MS5.8地震热红外异常检测研究

以2011年8月11日在伽师—阿图什交界处发生的5.8级地震为例,利用MODIS的LST产品数据,采用STL分解法有效地去除地表温度时空数据中的年变趋势及季节因素周期性的影响,对其余的残余项进行GESD异常检测,并分析2008年1月1日至2013年1月1日的LST异常及其他地震的关系数据,研究结果表明:(1)地表温度的变化具有明显的时空变化趋势;利用STL分解法可以看出震前存在明显的热红外异常,增温现象经历了"出现-扩大-分散增温-增温幅度达到极值-消失-发震"等几个阶段。(2)发震前四个月研究区周围存在明显的热红外异常,2月10日发震断层周围出现大面积异常,异常特征持续2个月后的4个月发震,峰值距发震时刻时间间隔较长。(3)余震分布与断裂带和热红外异常分布特征相关,震后大部分余震主要分布在主震发生的震前出现热红外异常的断裂带附近。(4)通过对比同地区相似震例发现,本次地震与2018年9月4日伽师县M_S5.5地震的热异常特征有许多共同点,其中相同的峰值距发震时刻的时间间隔具有一致性,为震前热红外异常特征的归纳提供典型的参考信息。该次地震热红外异常显著,进一步验证了...     

Seismicity anomalies before the great earth—quake of Ms=8.1 in the Kunlun Pass and its significance to earthquake prediction

A great earthquake of M _S=8.1 took place in the west of Kunlun Pass on November 14, 2001. The epicenter is located at 36.2°N and 90.9°E. The analysis shows that some main precursory seismic patterns appear before the great earthquake, e.g., seismic gap, seismic band, increased activity, seismicity quiet and swarm activity. The evolution of the seismic patterns before the earthquake of M _S=8.1 exhibits a course very similar to that found for earthquake cases with M _S≥7. The difference is that anomalous seismicity before the earthquake of M _S=8.1 involves in the larger area coverage and higher seismic magnitude. This provides an evidence for recognizing precursor and forecasting of very large earthquake. Finally, we review the rough prediction of the great earthquake and discuss some problems related to the prediction of great earthquakes.     

江淮地震区整体稳定性和局部不稳定性及未来中强地震预报探讨

应用系统整体稳定和局部不稳定两种状态预测地震的思想,根据历史地震分布及地震构造环境等选定２９°～３４°３０′Ｎ,１１０°～１２５°Ｅ区域作为相对独立的地震活动暂定态系统．寻找其内部非线性区,判定该区域内地震活动趋势和未来应重点关注的地区．判断结果与１９９６年１１月南黄海地震基本对应     

2015年11月23日青海祁连MS5.2地震震源机制解及发震构造初步探讨

采用CAP（Cut and Paste）方法反演了2015年11月23日青海祁连M_S5.2主震的震源机制解,其最佳双力偶解：节面Ⅰ走向109°、倾角58°、滑动角21°,节面Ⅱ走向8°、倾角72°、滑动角146°,矩震级M_W5.16,矩心震源深度约为9 km。结合震区的活动构造,判定发震断层面为节面Ⅰ,推测托勒山北缘活动断裂中段为此次地震的发震断裂。     

四川长宁MS6.0地震区域构造应力场特征分析

2019年6月17日在四川宜宾市长宁县（28.34°N,104.90°E）发生M_S6.0地震,余震发育。本文利用区域测震台网的地震观测数据基于CAP方法计算了28°~29°N,104°~105°E范围内的14个M_S>3.0以上地震的震源机制解,结合全球矩心矩张量目录和部分前人研究结果中该区域的共27个震源机制解数据,应用MSATSI软件反演了研究区域的应力场。将研究区域按0.1°×0.1°划分成25个应力网格,最终得到9个网格的应力分布结果,大多数应力场方向稳定,根据主震所在应力网格点得到主震的断层类型为主逆冲型。本文研究成果为四川长宁地区的孕震机理、活动构造以及地震趋势判定提供了可靠的参考依据。     

Continuing inflation at Three Sisters volcanic center,central Oregon Cascade Range,USA, from GPS,leveling, and InSAR observations

Uplift of a broad area centered ~6 km west of the summit of South Sister volcano started in September 1997 (onset estimated from model discussed in this paper) and was continuing when surveyed in August 2006. Surface displacements were measured whenever possible since August 1992 with satellite radar interferometry (InSAR), annually since August 2001 with GPS and leveling surveys, and with continuous GPS since May 2001. The average maximum displacement rate from InSAR decreased from 3–5 cm/yr during 1998–2001 to ~1.4 cm/yr during 2004–2006. The other datasets show a similar pattern, i.e., surface uplift and extension rates decreased over time but deformation continued through August 2006. Our best-fit model to the deformation data is a vertical, prolate, spheroidal point-pressure source located 4.9–5.4 km below the surface. The source inflation rate decreased exponentially during 2001–2006 with a 1/e decay time of 5.3 ± 1.1 years. The net increase in source volume from September 1997 to August 2006 was 36.5–41.9 x 10⁶ m³. A swarm of ~300 small (M _max = 1.9) earthquakes occurred beneath the deforming area in March 2004; no other unusual seismicity has been noted. Similar deformation episodes in the past probably would have gone unnoticed if, as we suspect, most are small intrusions that do not culminate in eruptions.     

Characteristics of low-frequency oscillation intensity of air-sea turbulent heat fluxes over the northwest Pacific

Based on the daily turbulent heat fluxes and related meteorological variables datasets (1985–2006) from Objectively Analyzed air-sea Fluxes (OAFlux) Project of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), characteristics of low-frequency oscillation intensity of air-sea turbulent heat fluxes over the northwest Pacific are analyzed by linear perturbation method and correlation analysis. It can be concluded that: 1) the distribution of low-frequency oscillation intensity of latent heat flux (LHF) over the northwest Pacific is mainly affected by that of low-frequency oscillation intensity of anomalous air-sea humidity gradient (Δq′) as well as mean air-sea humidity gradient (), while the distribution of low-frequency oscillation intensity of sensible heat flux (SHF) is mainly affected by that of low-frequency oscillation intensity of anomalous air-sea temperature gradient (ΔT′). 2) The low-frequency oscillation of turbulent heat fluxes over the northwest Pacific is the strongest in winter and the weakest in summer. And the seasonal transition of low-frequency oscillation intensity of LHF is jointly influenced by those of low-frequency oscillation intensity of Δq′, low-frequency oscillation intensity of anomalous wind speed (U′), and mean wind speed (Ū), while the seasonal transition of low-frequency oscillation intensity of SHF is mainly influenced by those of low-frequency oscillation intensity of ΔT′ and Ū. 3) Over the tropical west Pacific and sea areas north of 20°N, the low-frequency oscillation of LHF (SHF) is mainly influenced by atmospheric variables q _a ′ (T _a ′) and U′, indicating an oceanic response to overlying atmospheric forcing. In contrast, over the tropical eastern and central Pacific south of 20°N, q _s ′ (T _s ′) also greatly influences the low-frequency oscillation of LHF (SHF). Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40675028) and National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2006CB403600)     

Study of calibration function for surface wave magnitude of DK1 seismographs

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Paleomagnetic determination of emplacement temperatures of pyroclastic deposits: an under-utilized tool

Paleomagnetic data from lithic clasts collected from Mt. St. Helens, USA, Volcán Láscar, Chile, Volcán de Colima, Mexico and Vesuvius, Italy have been used to determine the emplacement temperature of pyroclastic deposits at these localities and to highlight the usefulness of the paleomagnetic method for determining emplacement temperatures. At Mt. St. Helens, the temperature of the deposits (T _dep ) at three sites from the June 12, 1980 eruption was found to be ≥532°C, ≥509°C, and 510–570°C, respectively. One site emplaced on July 22, 1980 was emplaced at ≥577°C. These new paleomagnetic temperatures are in good agreement with previously published direct temperature measurements and paleomagnetic estimates. Lithic clasts from pyroclastic deposits from the 1993 eruption of Láscar were fully remagnetized above the respective Curie temperatures, which yielded a minimum T _dep of 397°C. Samples were also collected from deposits thought to be pyroclastics from the 1913, 2004 and 2005 eruptions of Colima. At Colima, the sampled clasts were emplaced cold. This is consistent with the sampled clasts being from lahar deposits, which are common in the area, and illustrates the usefulness of the paleomagnetic method for distinguishing different types of deposit. T _dep of the lower section of the lithic rich pyroclastic flow (LRPF) from the 472 A.D. deposits of Vesuvius was ~280–340°C. This is in agreement with other, recently published paleomagnetic measurements. In contrast, the upper section of the LRPF was emplaced at higher temperatures, with T _dep ~520°C. This temperature difference is inferred to be the result of different sources of lithic clasts between the upper and lower sections, with the upper section containing a greater proportion of vent-derived material that was initially hot. Our studies of four historical pyroclastic deposits demonstrates the usefulness of paleomagnetism for emplacement temperature estimation.     

Probable satellite thermal infrared anomaly before the Zhangbei M s=6.2 earthquake on January 10, 1998

This paper used the thermal infrared data of the satellite NOAA-AAVHRR of the north part of North China (113°～119° E, 38°～42° N), and processed the remote sensing data through radiation adjustment, geometric adjustment and so on by the software ＂The Monitoring and Fast Process System of Earthquake Precursor Thermal Infrared Anomaly＂, inversed the earth surface temperature. Some disturbances effect had been excluded, and thermal infrared temperature anomaly had been extracted by the picture difference method. The Zhangbei MS=6.2 earthquake is used as the example in the paper, so that in the paper thermal infrared characteristics on time-space before earthquake and the relationship between the anomaly and the earthquake prediction have been summarized.Within more than ten days before the Zhangbei earthquake, the thermal infrared anomaly had emerged widely along Zhangjiakou-Bohai seismic belt, and the anomalous region seemed like a belt and it is also consistent with the tectonic background there; the anomaly expanded from the outside toward the earthquake focus, but the focus lay at the edge of the thermal infrared region. So it is possible to explore a new anomaly observation method for earthquake prediction by observing and studying the satellite thermal infrared anomaly before big earthquakes happen.     

Geochemistry and magmatic properties of eruption episodes from Haroharo linear vent zone, Okataina Volcanic Centre, New Zealand during the last 10 kyr

Post-10 ka rhyolitic eruptions from the Haroharo linear vent zone, Okataina Volcanic Centre, have occurred from several simultaneously active vents spread over 12 km. Two of the three eruption episodes have tapped multiple compositionally distinct homogeneous magma batches. Three magmas totalling ~8 km³ were erupted during the 9.5 ka Rotoma episode. The most evolved Rotoma magma (SiO₂=76.5–77.9 wt%, Sr=96–112 ppm) erupted from a southeastern vent, and is characterised by a cummingtonite-dominant mineralogy, a temperature of 739±14°C, and fO₂ of NNO+0.52±0.11. The least evolved (SiO₂=75.0–76.4 wt%, Sr=128–138 ppm, orthopyroxene+ hornblende-dominant) Rotoma magma erupted from several vents, and was hotter (764±18°C) and more reduced (NNO+0.40±0.13). The ~11 km³ Whakatane episode occurred at 5.6 ka and also erupted three magmas, each from a separate vent. The most evolved (SiO₂=73.3–76.2 wt%, Sr=88–100 ppm) Whakatane magma erupted from the southwestern (Makatiti) vent and is cummingtonite-dominant, cool (745±11°C), and reduced (NNO+0.34±0.08). The least evolved (SiO₂=72.8–74.1 wt%, Sr=132–134 ppm) magma was erupted from the northeastern (Pararoa) vent and is characterised by an orthopyroxene+ hornblende-dominant mineralogy, temperature of 764±18°C, and fO₂ of NNO+0.40±0.13. Compositionally intermediate magmas were erupted during the Rotoma and Whakatane episodes are likely to be hybrids. A single ~13 km³ magma erupted during the intervening 8.1 ka Mamaku episode was relatively homogeneous in composition (SiO₂=76.1–76.8 wt%, Sr=104–112 ppm), temperature (736±18°C), and oxygen fugacity (NNO+0.19±0.12). Some of the vents tapped a single magma while others tapped several. Deposit stratigraphy suggests that the eruptions alternated between magmas, which were often simultaneously erupted from separate vents. Both effusive and explosive activity alternated, but was predominantly effusive (>75% erupted as lava domes and flows). The plumbing systems which fed the vents are inferred to be complex, with magma experiencing different conditions in the conduits. As the eruption of several magmas was essentially concurrent, the episodes were likely triggered by a common event such as magmatic intrusion or seismic disturbance.