1995年7月12日云南孟连中缅边界7.3级地震中短临预防及前兆特征（2）：…

研究讨论了云南强震活动的时空特征，指出区内Ｍ≥６．８级地震呈现活跃与平静；主体活动区东西交替及时空轮回迁移等特征。据此指出１９８８年云南地区进入了Ｍ≥６．８级地震强活跃期，主要体地在云南西部，１９９５－１９９７年存在发生６－７甚至７级以上地震的危险。     

1995年7月12日云南孟连中缅边界7.3级地震中短临预报及前兆特征(2)——云南强震活动特征及孟连7.3级地震前的地震学异常

研究讨论了云南强震活动的时空特征，指出区内Ｍ≥６８级地震呈现活跃与平静；主体活动区东西交替及时空轮回迁移等特征。据此指出１９８８年云南地区进入了Ｍ≥６８级地震强震活跃期，主体地区在云南西部，１９９５—１９９７年存在发生６—７甚至７级以上地震的危险。同时讨论了孟连７３级地震前相关区地震活动，滇西北、滇西南有关ｂ值、小震频度、调制比异常等８种地震学异常的空间分布、时间进程等特征。特别指出了１９９４年９月至１９９５年５月滇西南地区Ｍ≥４７级地震形成的时空密集现象，及其在短临阶段对震级及地点方面判断的重要作用。     

1996年南黄海6.1级地震后强震趋势预测研究

根据江苏－南黄海地区１５００￣１９９６年Ｍ≥６强震活动和时间分布特征，应用有序性分析，可公度性分析和强震丛集性等方法对该区６级强震趋势预测进行探讨。结果表明，未来几年本区依然存在６级强震的危险，下次Ｍ≥６强震有可能发生在２００２￣２００３年。     

“川滇菱块”东部边界的强震活动

本文探讨了西南地区“川滇菱块”东部边界的强震活动情况。研究表明,“川滇菱块”东部边界强震活动在西南地区最为强烈。它集中了川滇地区全部７．６级以上地震,历史强震活动有较明显的活跃期和平静期,且呈现某种自然节律,７级地震显示较好的南北迁移规律,强震时间分布遵从幂函数特征。     

青海地区强震活动的统计分析及预报探讨

从统计的角度出发，研究了青海地区１９９３年Ｍ≥６强震的发生概率，在此基础上应用非线性最小二乘法拟合的Ｇｏｍｐｅｒｔｚ与Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ曲线模型以及可公度模型对该区Ｍ≥６．５强震进行了预测探索。结果表明，１９９３年该地区Ｍ≥６强震的发生概率将达到０．７６－０．８７，１９９３－１９９４年有可能发生Ｍ≥６．５强震。     

M≥6.0强震后地震序列类型的模糊聚类分析

在充分了解地震序列特征的基础上，选出２６项地震序列的原始特征。根据这些原始特征的Ｗａｌｌｅｎ评分，精选出１１项能突出表现地震序列的特征参数作为指标。采用ＩＳＯＤＡＴＡ模糊聚类方法对地震序列进行分类，Ⅰ类为Ｍ≥６．０强震后三个月内还有震级为Ｍ≥５．０的强震发生；Ⅱ类为Ｍ≥６．０强震后三个月内无Ｍ≥５．０的地震。对中国大陆地区１９６６年以来的２２次Ｍ≥６．０强震序列进行聚类分析，建立预报震后趋势判别模型，然后以８次强震序列为例进行了外推检验。结果表明，该方法对地震序列类型的判别效果较好。     

更新论在估计西南地区未来地震活动中的应用

更新过程在许多领域已有应用。本文检验确认四川省、云南省Ｍ＿ｓ≥５．５，６．０，６．５；川滇Ｍ＿ｓ≥６．０、６．５，７．０；西藏Ｍ＿ｓ≥６．０，６．５，６级地震（主震）间隔时间分别都可认为服从指数分布；同时其中大多又可认为服从对数正态分布，分别对未来１年、３年、５年给出地震发生的概率，并对以上时段内可能发震的次数作出估计，对西南地区未来几年内的地震活动强度给出简明的统计描述，应注意：年内四川省应有Ｍ＿ｓ≥５．５级地震发生，且震级可能大于或等于６．０级。     

汾渭带和华北平原带强震活动的群集特征

根据描述地震活动时间间隔统计特征的系数Ｃｖ，汾渭带和华北平原带强震活动（ＭＳ≥７．０和Ｍｓ≥６．０）过程显示出明显的非泊松的群集统计特征（Ｃｖ＞１）；对于自公元５００年以来的Ｍｓ≥７．０大地震活动过程，其累计频度（ΣＮ）表现出满足ｌｎ（ｌｎΣＮ）＝Ａ＋Ｂｔ关系的逐步加速释放能量的群集时间结构；对于自公元１０００年以来的Ｍｓ≥６．０强地震活动过程，则表现出几十年－几百年尺度的密集和平静交替发生的幕式群集时间结构。     

1993年中国大陆地区地震灾害评述

１９９３年中国大陆地区地震灾害评述李建一，李革平，陆鸣，朱宏任，张晓华１９９３年中国大陆地区共发生Ｍｓ≥５．０中强地震１９次（包括３次余震），其中Ｍｓ≥６．０的强震６次，最大震级为Ｍｓ６．６，１９次中强震全部发生在中国大陆西部地区。这使得１９９３年中...     

六级以上强震后半年内有无五级以上地震的模糊聚类分析

根据３６个初选问题的Ｗａｌｌｅｎ评分，精选出１０项能突出表现地震序列的特征参数作为指标，采用ＦＣＭ模糊聚类方法对地震序列进行分类，在分类过程中，将地震序列分为两类：Ｉ类为Ｍ≥６．０强震后六个月内还有震级为Ｍ≥５．０的强震发生；Ⅱ类为Ｍ≥６．０强震后六个月内无Ｍ≥５．０地震。以中国大陆地区１９９６年以来的２６次Ｍ≥６．０强震序列建立震后判别模型，然后以近期发生的８次强震序列进行了外推检验。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

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正SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and published by Science China Press and Springer,is committed to publishing high-quality,original results in both basic and applied research.     

INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING CENTER ON EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION(IRTCES)

正Director:Shangfu Kuang,China Vice-directors:Chunhong Hu,China Duihu Ning,China Guangquan Liu,China The International Research and Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation(IRTCES)was jointly set up by the Government of China and UNESCO on July 21,1984.It aims at the promotion of international exchange of knowledge and cooperation in the studies of erosion and     

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Dynamic process-response model of river channel development

Feedback mechanisms, which operate upstream through drawdown and backwater effects and downstream through sediment discharge are responsible for channel evolution. By combining these mechanisms with channel processes it euables a dynamic process-response model to be developed to simulate the initial evolution of straight gravel-bed channels. When erosion commences on a land surface, sediment entrained in the headwater reach by hydraulic action is selectively transported, deposited and reworked. This produces a damped oscillation between degradation and aggradation as the channel and valley respond to spatial and temporal variations in sediment calibre and hydraulic conditions. The initial cut and fill phases are responsible for valley incision and floodplain development while secondary and subsequent activity can produce river terraces. Eventually sediment entrainment in the headwaters declines as slopes are reduced. Subsequent channel evolution is relatively insignificant because it is dependent on local weathering activity producing material that can be transported on declining slopes. Therefore landforms produced during the initial phase of development, when local weathering was non-limiting, dominate the landscape.