平均间隙法在地铁隧道保护区中的应用

地铁隧道保护区沉降监测网稳定性影响着监测数据的可靠性。本文引入平均间隙法对监测网稳定性进行分析,通过间隙分块法搜索不稳定点。并通过工程实例,验证此方法能较好分析地铁隧道保护区沉降基准网的稳定性。     

平均间隙法在地铁隧道保护区中的应用

地铁隧道保护区沉降监测网稳定性影响着监测数据的可靠性。本文引入平均间隙法对监测网稳定性进行分析,通过间隙分块法搜索不稳定点。并通过工程实例,验证此方法能较好分析地铁隧道保护区沉降基准网的稳定性。     

高层建筑物沉降观测数据处理方法研究

分别采用经典平差和自由网平差两种平差方法对两个工程的沉降观测数据进行数据处理,通过对数据处理的结果进行分析与研究,并对基准点的稳定性进行检验。得出了经典平差和自由网平差在沉降观测数据处理的过程中五点有益的结论。     

地铁隧道自由设站变形监测基准网稳定性检验

在狭长的地铁隧道位移监测中,采用测量机器人自由设站法有着明显优势,基准点是进行自由设站交会测量监测点的基础,基准点的稳定与否,直接影响监测信息的准确性,因此,对基准点进行稳定性分析很有必要。通过对自由设站测站坐标进行间接平差,求得基准网的后验单位权方差,与先验单位权方差对比构建统计量,进行χ~2假设检验,以此判断是否存在不稳定的基准点。如果基准网中存在不稳定基准点,依次减少基准点的数量进行各种组合,构建相应的统计量,分别进行χ~2假设检验,直至找出不稳定的基准点。通过实例数据分析验证了该方法的适用性和有效性,在实际工程中具有较高的应用价值。     

地铁保护区自动化监测精度分析

论述了地铁保护区自动化监测的原理和方法。结合某地铁保护区自动化监测实例,介绍了运营期地铁隧道结构多方位、实时化的信息获取技术,并将自动化静力水准测控系统获取的沉降数据与自动化全站仪测控系统获取的水平位移数据结合人工监测数据进行对比。结果表明,自动化静力水准测控系统获得的沉降数据与自动化全站仪测控系统获得的数据均有较高精度,满足地铁保护区自动化监测的要求,具有良好应用和推广价值。     

地铁隧道变形监测基准网点确定的一种方法

在地铁隧道变形监测基准网里,基准点一般布设在隧道两端较为稳定的区域,如何判断并确定稳定的基准点,是计算变形监测点和进行变形分析的基础.本文提出了一种确定稳定基准点的“组合后验方差检验法”,其基本思想是利用x2检验法找出显著的“动点”并将其排除在“基准点”之外;通过实例分析和模拟计算检验了该方法的有效性.该方法计算简单,...     

地裂缝和地面沉降条件下的城市轨道交通工程高程控制测量探讨

对城市地裂缝和地面沉降条件下城市轨道交通工程的高程控制测量、变形监测基准、施工放样及正施工的土建结构等方面受到的影响进行分析,运用现代测量数据处理和平差理论,结合西安地铁工程测量实际案例,对在不均匀沉降环境条件下的城市轨道交通测量基准点布设、数据处理及平差方法以及复测成果的使用等方面提出若干措施和建议.     

高铁沉降监测网点稳定性判断指标研究

提出了高铁沉降监测起算基准点稳定性判断指标,根据误差传播理论提出指标,给出了如何根据基准点稳定性判断指标确定稳定的基准网平差起算点方法,并通过武咸城际铁路基准网复测数据进行了计算分析验证。     

拟稳平差在测量数据处理中的应用

拟稳平差是一种顾及基准点稳定性的平差方法,在变形监测领域有着广泛的应用。介绍了拟稳平差的基本原理,说明了拟稳平差在沉降观测中的应用;拟稳平差的关键是选取符合实际的“拟稳点”,讨论了拟口点选择的两种方法：假设检验法和模糊聚类法,并给出算例进行说明。     

静力水准自动化测量技术应用于地铁隧道结构监测

目前地铁隧道结构沉降主要采用水准仪进行人工测量。该监测方法不仅作业效率低、耗费较多的人力物力,并且无法实现全天候监测。针对传统人工监测无法满足地铁运营期间的实时监测需求的问题,本文引入静力水准自动测量技术,通过在地铁隧道道床布设静力水准仪,在远程采集端实时获取监测点数据,实现隧道结构保护区在施工时全程监测,为施工期隧道结构安全提供保障。最后结合实际工程应用案例对工程中的监测结果进行分析。结果表明,该技术实现了地铁隧道自动化水准测量,为地铁运营安全提供技术支撑。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

GIS空间数据的采集误差及其分析

本文详细阐述了GIS数据采集过程中的误差来源，重点分析了通过地图、遥感和摄影测量等方式采集数据所产生的误差及其特性，分析了其对GIS数据的影响与消减方法。     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。