一种无偏模型在变形监测中的应用

针对变形发展趋势多样性的特点,将无偏NGM(1,1,k)模型应用于变形监测数据的分析预测中,说明无偏NGM(1,1,k)模型可分别用于拟合近似线性-指数增长趋势变形序列、近似非齐次指数变形序列和近似齐次指数变形序列。根据监测数据的发展特点可选择适合的建模方法。实例分析结果显示,无偏NGM(1,1,k)模型具有良好的拟合和预测精度,可用于滑坡位移的分析预测中。     

灰色系统与时间序列在高铁沉降变形中的应用

介绍了灰色系统GM(1,1)模型、时间序列二次指数平滑模型的基本原理,给出了模型精度评定的方法 ;用Matlab编程实现模型的建立并对高速铁路沉降变形进行了分析与预测,通过工程实例对比分析2种模型的预测效果。结果表明,时间序列二次指数平滑模型较适合短期或中期变形趋势呈线性或微小波形的变形分析与预测,而GM(1,1)模型对短期呈线性或指数分布趋势的变形有较好的效果;时间序列二次指数平滑模型的可靠性与准确度比GM(1,1)模型高。     

基于原始序列的灰色预测模型

针对原始序列平滑处理和用直线斜率代替t=k+1/2时刻导数两方面的问题,该文在分析GM(1,1)建模过程和原理的基础上,应用中心逼近原理,提出了基于原始序列的灰色预测模型OGM(1,1)。对于严格呈指数增长趋势的原始序列,通过平滑处理使其更利于建模,再通过累减获得新的初始序列,建立OGM(1,1)模型。通过对高增长、低增长和缓慢递减3种类型实测数据序列验证分析,比较GM(1,1)、PGM(1,1)和OGM(1,1)3种模型在变形监测数据处理中的拟合和预测结果,结果表明OGM(1,1)模型拟合效果更好、预测精度更高。     

间接DGM(1,1)模型在基坑沉降预测中的应用

选取某一基坑沉降监测点,该点11个周期的累计沉降量为近似非齐次指数增长序列,以Java为工具对该点进行编程计算,得到GM(1,1)、DGM(1,1)、间接DGM(1,1)3种模型的基坑沉降预测结果。对比分析发现,间接DGM(1,1)模型精度高于GM(1,1)和DGM(1,1)模型,其C值仅为0.01,且残差值增加缓慢,近似于一条水平线,实测值与预测值非常接近,适用范围广,弥补了另两种模型不能进行长期预测的缺憾。     

自适应变异粒子群优化灰色模型在变形分析中的应用

标准灰色模型GM(1,1)以序列第一个分量作为初始条件进行灰色微分建模,未能充分利用序列中的新信息;其背景值的构造本质上采用了数值积分中的梯形法,精度不高。针对上述缺点,提出一种基于粒子群算法的灰色预测模型,即PSOGM(1,1)模型,对初始值和背景值参数进行优化,并将模型应用于岩体变形分析中。计算结果表明,PSOGM(1,1)模型具有较高的预测精度,可作为变形分析的一种新方法。     

高层建筑物沉降变形的灰线性预测

本文以高层建筑物沉降变形预测为主要研究目的,讨论了GM(1,1)方法适用于单一指数增长模型、对预测序列数据异常情况难以准确预测的局限性,利用线性回归适用短期预测的特点,提出了基于GM(1,1)与线性回归组合预测高层建筑物沉降变形的方法;对组合模型预测精度起决定性作用的灰指数v和参数m进行了分析,给出了求解灰指数v和参数m的最优值算法,最后利用组合模型对某高层建筑物沉降变形数据进行了解算,应用结果表明,该方法使预测结果更为可靠、准确。     

灰色GM(1,1)与Kalman滤波模型用于变形预测的比较分析

通过运用灰色GM(1,1)和Kalman滤波模型分别对某高层建筑物的沉降变形趋势进行分析,得出灰色GM(1,1)适用于短期且变形趋势呈线性变化的变形分析与预测,而Kalman滤波模型不仅适用于短期预测,对于长周期预测也有较高的精度。因此,在观测周期较短时,灰色GM(1,1)和Kalman滤波模型对线性变化的高层建筑物都有较高的预测精度,但是对于较长周期的观测,Kalman滤波模型预测的精度和可靠性要高于灰色GM(1,1)模型。     

灰色预测与Kalman滤波在建筑物沉降变形分析中的应用

沉降变形分析与预测对于建筑物的安全运营具有重要作用,建立科学、合理的预测模型对于变形分析极其重要。本文运用GM(1,1)模型与Kalman滤波模型对建筑物沉降变形进行预测。通过实例对比分析表明,GM(1,1)模型较适合短期且变形趋势呈线性或指数分布趋势的变形分析与预测;Kalman滤波模型对短期和较长周期呈波形或线性变形均具有较高预测精度。     

基于 Markov 理论的加权非等距GM（1，1）预测优化模型

背景值的构造方法是影响加权非等距GM(1,1)预测模型的精度和适应性的关键因素。文中通过等分函数法构造新的背景值对传统的加权非等距GM(1,1)模型进行优化,优化后的模型使其同时适应于高增长指数序列和低增长指数序列,提高传统模型的预测精度和适应性能力。但是优化后的模型依然易受建模数据随机扰动影响。马尔科夫(Markov)模型具有削弱建模数据的随机扰动性的优势。基于此,将优化的加权非等距GM(1,1)模型和Markov理论有机结合,构建优化的加权非等距Markov-GM(1,1)预测模型。最后,结合秀山湖二期工程的变形实测数据,运用新陈代谢的计算模式进行预测验证。结果表明:优化的加权非等距Markov-GM(1,1)预测模型的拟合和预测精度都优于传统的加权非等距GM(1,1)预测模型,新的预测模型的适用性更强,具有实际的参考价值。     

GM(1,1)模型反演预测方法在沉降预测中的应用

为了研究提高GM(1,1)模型预测精度的方法,本文首先讨论了GM(1,1)模型对初值的不敏感性和拟合预测序列增长率的恒定性;其次,根据GM(1,1)的性质提出新陈代谢反演预测的方法;最后,通过工程实例对比不同模型的预测精度。结果表明:GM(1,1)反演预测方法具有很高的预测精度,适用于沉降变形预测。     

残差自适应回归MGM(1,n)

鉴于MGM(1,n)在预测过程中,不同变量的拟合及预测残差差距较大,本文将自适应回归模型引入到不同变量的残差估计中,对整体的残差起到平滑的作用,从而抑制了残差的上扬趋势,经过实例分析,残差自适应回归MGM(1,n)的预测精度得到了明显的提高。     

Recent advances in accessibility research: Representation,methodology and applications

 In this article we examine recent advances in accessibility research and their implications for future studies. We base our discussion on three intersecting dimensions that are useful for evaluating the contribution of recent studies: representation, methodology and applications. Various examples are selected to show that research concerned with representation and methodological problem solving is often applied to issues of broad concern in policy and planning. It is, however, not clear that the simultaneous treatment of representation, methodological and application issues has ever been fully worked out. The questions raised in this article may serve as a foundation for addressing issues pertinent to accurate representation, improved model building, and more rigorous applications in accessibility research. Received: 9 December 2002 / Accepted: 10 February 2003     

变异时序回归GM(1,1)模型

鉴于在GM(1,1)预测模型中,灰参数与背景值导致的GM(1,1)模型的残差,本文提出将残差引入到时序中,对时序进行变异,利用不同的曲线回归方程对变异时序进行估计.基于对不同回归方程估计结果的误差分析,选用最佳的回归方程作为GM(1,1)变异时序预测方程;并将预测结果作为GM(1,1)模型的变量k.实例计算表明,变异时...     

北斗三号全球导航卫星系统服务性能评估:定位导航授时、星基增强、精密单点定位、短报文通信与国际搜救

本文给出了北斗三号全球导航卫星系统定位导航授时、星基增强、精密单点定位、区域短报文通信、全球短报文通信和国际搜救共6类服务的测试评估方法,并利用实测数据对各类服务的核心指标进行了评估。结果表明,定位导航授时服务方面,空间信号测距误差0.23 m(RMS),空间信号可用性99.44%,空间信号连续性99.99%,PDOP可用性100%,B1C信号全球定位精度水平方向1.31 m、垂直方向2.13 m(95%),B1C信号全球定位可用性99.93%,B1C信号授时精度14.7 ns(95%);星基增强服务方面,定位精度水平方向1.03 m、垂直方向2.60 m(95%)、具有垂直引导能力的一类进近(APV-I)可用性100%;精密单点定位服务方面,定位精度水平方向0.17 m(95%)、垂直方向0.22 m(95%)、平均收敛时间9 min;区域短报文通信服务成功率99.6%,服务容量1530万次/h(上行)、935万次/h(下行);全球短报文通信服务成功率96.46%,服务容量40万次/h(上行)、21万次/h(下行);国际搜救服务方面,搜救信号接收成功率98.3%(发射功率37 dBm)。     

非等时距GM(1,1)在变形预报中的应用

本文应用灰色理论建模原理,探讨了非等间距GM(1,1)模型的建模步骤;通过几种不同参数下的建模方式,利用MATLAB编程进行计算比较,着重分析影响非等间距GM(1,1)模型预报精度的因素,并探讨模型的改进方法。结果表明,对于较均匀的非等间距数据,灰色模型具有较高的预报精度。在间距间隔变化较大的情况下,灰色模型进行改进后也能得到比较满意的预报结果。     

Development of large-area land cover and forest change indicators using multi-sensor Landsat imagery: Application to the Humber River Basin,Canada

Monitoring ecological indicators is important for assessing impacts of human activities on ecosystems. A means of identifying and applying appropriate indicators is a prerequisite for: environmental assessment; better assessment and understanding of ecosystem health; elucidation of biogeochemical trends; and more accurate predictions of future responses to global change, particularly those due to anthropogenic disturbance. The challenge is to derive meaningful indicators of change that capture the complexities of ecosystems yet can be monitored consistently over large areas and across time. In this study, methods for monitoring indicators of land cover (LC) and forest change were developed using multi-sensor Landsat imagery. Mapping and updating procedures were applied to the Humber River Basin (HRB) in Newfoundland and Labrador, one of four test sites in Canada selected for testing the development of national-scale methods. Procedures involved unsupervised clustering and labeling of baseline imagery, followed by image-to-image spectral clustering to derive binary change masks within which new LC types were classified for non-baseline imagery. Updated maps were compatible with the baseline map and reflected change in LC for three time periods: 1976–1990, 1990–2001, and 2001–2007. From the LC products, several change indicators were quantified including: forest depletion, forest regeneration, forest change, net forest change, and annual rates of change. The procedures were validated using field plots to assess the accuracy of the 2007 LC product (74.2% for 10 LC classes) and change classes observed from 2001 to 2007 (87.8% for four change classes: depletion, regeneration, non-treed class no change, and treed class no change). Methods were considered to be highly efficient and operationally feasible over large areas spanning multiple Landsat scenes. Specific results for the test site provided trend information supporting land and resource management in the HRB region.     

Towards a conjoint-based, context-dependent model of task allocation in activity settings: Some numerical experiments

 None of the currently developed activity-based models of transport demand explicitly models task allocation among household members. To fill this gap, the present paper suggests to complement activity-based models of activity scheduling with a context-dependent model of task allocation. That is, it is assumed that the allocation of tasks within households is partly based on such contextual variables as the amount of time a member has to spend on mandatory activities and car availability. In particular, the paper advocates a conjoint-based approach, based on an assignment task as opposed to the traditional ranking, rating or choice response formats. By definition, an assignment task involves a combinatorial explosion of choice alternatives, implying that additional operational decisions to estimate the context-dependent model are required. This study presents the results of various numerical experiments, conducted to better understand the impacts of those decisions on the degree of bias in the parameter estimates of the choice model. The results of these simulations indicate that under particular assumptions, the development and estimation of a conjoint-based, context-dependent model of task allocation within households is feasible. Received: March 1999 / Accepted: June 2001     

时变参数PGM(1, 1)变形预测模型及其应用

在GM(1，1)模型的基础上，考虑参数随时间的变化，用多项式逼近模型参数，同时针对GM(1，1)模型背景值取值方法的不足，引入背景值最佳生成系数，建立了时变参数PGM(1，1)变形预测模型。多项式中的待定系数采用最小二乘法确定，背景值最佳生成系数采用搜索法确定。实例计算表明，时变参数PGM(1，1)变形预测模型具有较高的模拟精度和预测精度，适合用于变形体的变形预测。     

时变参数灰色模型背景值重构及实现

针对时变参数灰色模型PGM(1,1)的背景值重构收敛速度及稳定性问题,该文运用积分的方法综合序列在Δt内不同变化趋势,导出背景值模型的准确表达式。实现了反映序列对新老信息偏爱程度的最优权值介于(0,1)内,且非不能越过某一阈值;给出了背景值重构模型最优解准确求取的具体算法步骤。基于MATLAB语言的实验结果表明:改进模型预测精度高,易于实现;所研究的带权灰色模型GM(1,n)背景值模型的重构及计算方法验证了PGM(1,1)模型重构及计算实现方法的有效性和实用性。