一次西南低涡东移引发长江中下游暴雨的诊断研究

利用常规观测资料和NECP再分析资料,对2013年6月6—7日西南低涡东移加强发展造成长江中下游大暴雨过程进行了诊断分析,重点探讨了西南低涡东移和发展维持的物理机制以及最强降水的变化特征。结果表明,沿着700 hPa高空切变线东移的西南低涡是造成此次长江中下游地区暴雨的直接影响系统,西南低涡沿着700 hPa切变线东移发展,深厚阶段正涡度柱伸展到400 hPa高度,自下而上呈近垂直结构。西南低涡附近低层辐合与高层辐散的大尺度环境条件、西南低涡与西南低空急流耦合发展动力结构、低空暖平流和高空槽前正涡度平流输送等条件是导致西南低涡东移到长江中下游后加强发展的主要因子。与西南低涡相伴随的强降雨区主要位于低涡南部3个纬距以内,该处的西南季风和副高西南侧东南气流两支水汽输送的汇合为暴雨发生提供了充沛的水汽和对流不稳定能量,而对流层中低层携带的冷空气侵入低层低涡的后部,不仅加强了低涡的斜压性,也促进了上冷下暖不稳定层结的产生和发展,为强降水的发生提供了不稳定对流触发条件。     

新疆夏季两例塔什干低涡天气过程对比分析

利用NCEP1°×1°再分析资料,对新疆夏季两次塔什干低涡天气过程进行对比分析,从天气尺度环流系统配置、动力和水汽输送的角度探讨造成南疆不同降水强度的塔什干低涡特征差异。结果表明:当南亚高压中心位于70°E,南疆位于200 hPa急流轴出口辐散区,500 hPa塔什干低涡东移携带强西南气流时,700 hPa盆地有显著东风急流,偏西地区中低层切变辐合长时间维持,同时通过接力输送的阿拉伯海水汽与中低层东风急流携带的水汽强烈辐合,导致大范围暴雨,高层正MPV1、负MPV2向下伸展,中低层不稳定性、斜压性增强,配合700 hPa以下负MPV1、正MPV2激发垂直涡度增长,对流性降水加强;当南亚高压中心始终维持偏东(90°E),南疆位于200 hPa急流轴上,500 hPa里海脊和新疆东部高压脊势力相当时,塔什干低涡减弱为槽影响南疆,700 hPa南疆盆地东风气流弱且位置偏西,南疆地区无明显高层辐散、中低层切变辐合,不利于垂直上升运动的发展和水汽的集中辐合,难以造成显著降水。     

西南低涡东移引发重庆暴雨的综合诊断

利用NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1°×1°格点资料和MICAPS实时观测资料,使用水汽散度垂直通量、湿螺旋度等新型诊断物理量,对2009年8月2~4日发生在重庆地区由西南低涡东移引发的暴雨做了综合分析。结果表明:水汽主要在大气低层850hPa附近积聚,上升运动强,水汽的辐合上升区域与降水大值区较吻合。500hPa湿z-螺旋度负值区水平分布与相应时段降水落区和强降水中心的分布对应较好,垂直分布上:暴雨区低层正涡度、水汽辐合旋转上升与高层负涡度、水汽辐散相配合,是触发暴雨的有利动力机制。      

干侵入对陕西“2008.07.21”暴雨过程的影响分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了2008年7月21日发生在陕西西南部一次暴雨过程的大尺度环流背景和水汽条件,运用相对湿度、风矢量、湿位涡和垂直涡度等多种物理量场,研究了该暴雨过程中干侵入的机制和特征,以及对暴雨发生、发展和维持的影响.结果表明,此次强降水过程是在高空槽和低空气旋的有利形势下产生的.水汽主要来源于孟加拉湾,持续的高层辐散、低层辐合的环流配置保证了低层源源不断的水汽辐合并抬升凝结,有利于转化为降水.受高空低槽发展东移的影响,干侵入在垂直层次上表现为由对流层中高层向低层的注入,水平方向上主要表现为由西向东的侵入,其中在103°E以西地区存在较强的下沉运动是干侵入的载体.应用湿位涡与倾斜涡度发展理论分析表明,当对流层中高层具有高值位涡的干空气侵入到低层时,由于湿位涡守恒特性,引起倾斜涡度发展,进而导致低层垂直涡度的急剧发展,有利于上升运动将水汽向上层输送,冷暖空气相遇,产生此次暴雨过程.     

一次东移型西南低涡的数值模拟及位涡诊断

利用非静力中尺度模式WRF对2011年6月16-18日引发强降水的一次东移型西南低涡过程进行了数值模拟,结果表明,WRF模式较成功地模拟了此次西南低涡所引起强降水的范围和移动。低涡首先在低层850 hPa形成,9 h之后在700 hPa出现闭合低涡,发展成熟。西南低涡的初生和成熟阶段在对流层低层都维持与正涡度和高位涡中心相耦合的动力结构,并伴有上升运动;在成熟阶段,上升运动、正涡度柱和高位涡柱明显加强、发展至对流层高层(300 hPa)。低层水汽通量散度对降水带的强度和移动都具有较好的指示意义。位涡收支诊断分析表明,非绝热作用项的垂直结构与垂直通量散度项相反,潜热释放造成的非绝热作用项有利于低层位涡增长、抑制高层位涡增长,对西南低涡的生成、发展有重要作用。     

梅雨期经大别山两侧暴雨中尺度低涡对比分析

通过统计分析2007-2011年梅雨期间江淮流域暴雨日数和低涡过程,结果表明低涡暴雨占41%,且绝大多数为浅薄低涡(700 hPa以下),此类低涡易受大别山地形影响。在地形和高空引导气流的共同作用下,经大别山南侧沿长江流域及经山脉北侧沿淮河流域的浅薄低涡遇大别山绕行、爬坡同时存在,并且北部低涡增强大于南侧,进而影响到低涡暴雨形成沿淮河流域和长江流域的两条雨带。环境高低空急流的风切变配置状态不仅有利于浅薄低涡的气旋式增强,并且指示低涡东移路径与低涡位置。而势力较弱的低空急流受大别山南部地形的影响,也表现出有绕行和减弱的阶段,进而可影响到山北淮河流域低涡的强度增幅和伴随的暴雨强度比山南长江流域低涡强一些。绕行山脉南北两侧的低涡暴雨带的湿位涡特征表明,垂直剖面上湿位涡正斜压分量垂向梯度带的配置,且其强度与对应的降水强度成正比,沿淮河的北路低涡湿位涡因环境风场垂直切变大,其强度更强。数值试验结果表明,大别山地形对低涡路径的南北绕行、低涡强度的山前减弱山后加强以及水汽辐合的强弱有直接影响。山脉南部迎风坡的强辐合抬升以及山脉北部弧形背风处对气流的拉伸辐合汇聚,成为大别山地形有利于水汽辐合上升,增强低涡暴雨量的两个重要部位。由于大别山南段的主体部分范围高大,所以对绕行山南部的低涡影响更为显著。     

重庆2次西南涡暴雨过程的类比分析

基于AREM模式分别对2010年夏季发生在重庆的两次西南涡暴雨过程进行数值模拟,并利用模拟结果对暴雨过程的动力和热力场演变以及涡度收支变化进行分析。结果表明:1)西南涡造成的降水落区位于低涡中心附近,整个降水过程雨带分布与低涡移动路径相一致;2)整层水汽通量辐合极值出现时间超前于最大降水出现时间,降水增强阶段,整层水汽呈增长趋势,说明存在稳定的水汽输送;3)最强辐合出现时间略早于最大正涡度出现的时间,说明大气辐合能够促进涡度的发展,辐合中心比正涡度中心位置低;4)涡度辐合辐散项对低涡的发展加强起最主要的作用;涡度平流项和涡度辐合辐散项的作用集中体现在中低层大气中,而垂直对流项和扭转项的作用则在中高层更为明显;降水的强弱与涡度变率的大小及伸展高度相对应。     

低涡影响下的西北地区东部暴雨个例分析

利用常规气象观测资料、陕西区域自动站观测资料、多源融合逐小时0.05°×0.05°格点降水资料、 NCEP1°×1°再分析资料和卫星探测资料对2019年8月2—4日西北地区东部一次由低涡向东北方向移动引发的暴雨过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明：500 hPa中纬度低槽、副热带高压、低槽携带的弱冷空气及来自台风外围和副高外围的暖湿空气为此次暴雨过程提供了非常有利的条件;大气整层水汽通量及水汽通量散度在本次低涡暴雨预报中具有一定的意义,水汽通量的突增对应降水的增强,水汽通量大值中心叠加强水汽通量辐合区对应强降水落区;500 hPa正涡度平流使低涡移动发展,对暴雨的发展和移动有很好的指导意义,对流层低层温度平流对低涡移动路径方面有良好预报指示作用;对流层上层高位涡向下伸展,分裂的高值扰动可促使中低层气旋涡度发展,影响低涡加强,对流层中低层700 hPa附近上正下负的分布形态促进了不稳定能量的释放,有利于低涡暴雨的发生;暴雨期间卫星云图上表现为逗点型云带,与低涡系统对应良好。     

四川盆地2020年“8.11”特大暴雨过程中尺度系统演变特征

针对2020年8月11—12日四川盆地西部特大暴雨过程中尺度系统演变特征和维持机制,利用欧洲中心ERA5逐小时再分析资料以及FY-4A的云顶相当黑体温度TBB资料进行诊断分析。(1) 本次过程发生在500 hPa巴湖长波槽分裂短波和高原低槽东移发展在四川盆地停滞,副高加强西伸形成阻挡的形势下,同时200 hPa有南亚高压和高空分流区配合。(2) 在上述有利的背景条件下,中尺度系统活动经历了中尺度辐合扰动-西南涡生成发展-低空急流影响-西南涡再次发展增强等4个阶段,西南涡两个阶段的发展对降水影响最大,初生发展阶段雨强最强,再次发展阶段强降雨范围最大。(3) 西南涡在暖区内初生发展,对流不稳定性强,地面潜热和感热加热以及500 hPa层以下水汽凝结潜热加热均十分显著,在较强暖湿平流作用下,配合低层涡度拉伸项和扭转项的动力作用加强,西南涡迅速发展,但低层辐合相对较弱,正涡度柱高度仅发展至500 hPa。(4) 西南涡再次发展阶段冷平流入侵,大气斜压性增强,中高层感热和凝结潜热加热作用加大,“低层辐合-中高层辐散”的动力机制显著加强,配合垂直向上输送正涡度和涡度拉伸项的动力发展作用,西南涡发展旺盛,正涡度柱中心强度和发展高度较初始发展阶段均明显增强。      

华北“7·19”暴雨中低涡系统演变及多尺度相互作用机制研究

为探究华北暴雨的维持及中尺度系统演变机制,利用NCEP/NCAR的GFS资料、地面自动站观测资料等,借助数值模拟、涡度收支分析和尺度分离等方法,对2016年7月19日前后一次华北暴雨过程进行了观测分析和模拟研究。(1)本次极端降水过程与东移低槽切断形成的深厚低涡密切相关。低涡与副高脊线形成“东高西低”形势且雨区始终处于高层辐散低层辐合的动力配置下,有利于对流维持。涡旋与低空急流的配合使来自西南侧和东侧的水汽在华北辐合,并使雨区处于能量锋区,对流层中低层形成深厚逆温层,为暴雨维持提供水汽和能量保障。(2)低涡系统总体呈增强趋势,中心涡度最高达55×10-5 s-1以上。成熟阶段呈现贯穿对流层的直立正涡度柱,但涡度变化集中在500 hPa以下,中心维持在850 hPa附近。涡度增长主要受正涡度区与辐合中心重合产生的拉伸效应以及干侵入等因素的促进作用。(3)低层辐合中心由三种不同尺度系统叠加而成,其中中尺度系统对中心的强度和位置影响最大,而大中尺度风场间的辐合也使辐合区更大、强度更强。低层涡旋增长与风场辐合加强之间形成正反馈调节,有利于低涡和降水的维持。      

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on