2017年8月8日九寨沟MS7.0地震序列分析

2017年8月8日四川九寨沟发生M_S7.0地震,该地震发生在巴颜喀喇块体的东北边界,震中区域构造条件复杂,是巴颜喀喇块体北侧左旋走滑环境向东侧逆冲挤压环境过渡的位置,附近地区历史强震较多。九寨沟地震是一次主-余型地震,余震活动水平较弱,主震发生后短时间内M_L≥4.0余震的“等待时间”存在异常,震后较长时间余震活动恢复到正常状态,序列h值、余震视应力等符合主-余型序列特征。序列b值为0.84,G-R关系推测序列最大余震的震级约为M_L5.4（M_S5.0）,8月9日发生的M_S4.8地震是目前该序列的最强余震。通过与1970年以来附近地区7级左右地震序列的对比认为,九寨沟地震与1976年松潘-平武2次7.2级地震序列在余震空间位置、发震构造和震源机制等方面存在较大差异,因此,不具备发育为震群型序列的条件。九寨沟地震主震视应力为0.36～0.38MPa,属于应力下调模型,序列余震的平均视应力水平接近龙门山断裂带附近中小地震的平均背景水平。     

2015年尼泊尔MS8.1地震在喀什-乌恰交汇区的动态触发活动

基于新疆区域数字地震台网台站的观测资料,采用离散波数法、包络函数分析和β统计值检验的方法,初步研究尼泊尔M_S8.1地震对喀什-乌恰交汇区小震活动的动态触发作用。结果表明：尼泊尔8.1级地震在喀什-乌恰交汇区接收点产生的动态应力变化超过触发阈值;并检测到该地震面波到达后在此交汇区出现了8次小震事件。β统计值结果显示,8.1级地震后此交汇区的地震活动性发生了较明显的改变,特别是地震25天后地震活动率增强较为明显。综合分析认为,尼泊尔8.1级地震对喀什-乌恰交汇区的小震活动具有动态触发作用,触发时间既存在面波通过后即刻触发,也有滞后一段时间的延时触发。     

青海、新疆和西藏地区地震活动平静特征参数Wq值强震预测模式及其应用

以青海、新疆、西藏地区为研究区域,系统研究总结了该区域2010—2020年5.0级以上地震前W_q值的时空演化特征,并以2020年新疆于田6.4级和西藏尼玛6.6级地震为实例进行阐述。得出以下三点认识:①地震一般发生在W_q值异常扩展时段或扩展—减小时段,6.0级以上W_q值异常的震例中,约81%发生于异常出现后的9个月内;②地震一般位于W_q值异常面积扩展区或扩展—减小恢复区附近,近70%的震例发生在W_q值异常区内;③建立了震级与W_q值异常区面积间的正相关统计模型,二者的相关系数(R)为0.85,为预测青海、新疆和西藏地区地震的强度提供了定量关系。青海、新疆和西藏地区W_q值方法对6.0～6.9级地震的预测效果(W_q值异常的地震报准率为61%)优于5.0～5.9级地震(W_q值异常的地震报准率为26%),为我国地球物理观测程度较低地区开展强震中短期(1年内)预测提供了参考依据。     

岷县漳县Ms6.6地震前武都、天水钻孔应变异常变化分析

2013年7月22日岷县漳县M_s6.6地震前2~3月内,武都、天水应变资料出现了不同程度的异常变化,其中两台的NW道异常都非常显著,与2003年、2004年2次岷县地震前武都应变出现的异常很相似,都有β₁、β₂、γ₁三阶段前兆异常特征。     

基于地震预警参数阈值评估内蒙古地区地震潜在破坏区

利用内蒙古地区测震台网记录到的地震波形数据,基于地震预警参数阈值（特征周期τ_c和位移幅值P_d）开展评估内蒙古地区中强地震潜在破坏区范围的研究。按照一定的筛选条件进行筛选后,拟合出适合内蒙古地区的τ_c与震级M_L、P_d与τ_c和震源距R的统计关系式;根据现有地震事件的最大震级,得到仪器烈度为Ⅳ度、震级M_L=5.0时对应的参数阈值为P_d=0.1075cm和τ_c=0.686s。最后对近年来内蒙古境内2次中强地震开展线下模拟,结果表明该方法需要台网具有一定密度,如能均匀分布,效果更好,否则会出现结果仅由经验关系式决定、而实际观测值没有发挥作用的问题。     

虚拟地震学家(VS)方法在中国地震台网中的测试和评估

建设中国地震预警系统是国家地震烈度速报与预警工程的主要内容,国内外学者通过对预警系统中确定地震参数的方法研究,发现实时确定准确震级这一问题最具挑战性,亟需一种可用的震级实时测定方法用于建设中国的地震预警系统。本文简要介绍了虚拟地震学家(VS)方法,描述了VS方法在中国地震台网用于实时测定地震参数的软件的实现流程,剖析用该方法实时确定2019年6月17日四川长宁6.0级地震的M_VS的过程。通过实时在线测定134个M≥3.0地震的M_VS和回放事件波形测定24个M≥5.0地震的M_VS,对VS方法进行测试,评估其可用性。结果表明,使用VS方法实时确定的M_VS变化平稳,可用性较好。当3个台站的P波信息可用时,第一次测定M_VS时偏差δ的平均值为0.32,δ≤0.5的占79%,平均用时为20s。随着时间的推移,更多可用台站及波形的使用可有效提升测定M_VS准确度。该方法在中国地震台网的应用具有适用性和可行性,是一种可选的实时确定震级的方法,在地震预警中具有较好的应用潜力。     

2017年8月8日四川九寨沟MS7.0地震前甘肃南部地区视应力变化

利用甘肃省区域台网提供的地震波形资料,计算甘肃南部地区2010年1月～2017年8月M_L≥2.0地震的视应力,分析九寨沟地震前甘南地区视应力的时空演化特征,所得结果如下：①M_L2.6～3.1、M_L2.0～2.5震级段地震视应力的空间分布具有较好的一致性,九寨沟M_S7.0地震前,距震中较近的川甘交界地区的舟曲、文县等地呈现出较为集中的视应力高值异常;②M_L2.0～2.5、M_L2.6～3.1地震的视应力在大区域范围内随时间的变化趋势有一定差异,M_L2.6～3.1地震视应力变化更为明显,在较大区域范围内表现为震前显著升高,而M_L2.0～2.5地震视应力则在震前一两年内开始下降;③随着区域划分范围向震中靠近,M_L2.0～2.5、M_L2.6～3.1地震视应力的变化逐渐趋于一致,至震中附近时,2个震级段视应力均表现为“震前几年长时间升高—临震前几个月下降”的同步变化。     

2017年8月9日精河MS6.6地震热红外亮温异常分析

利用相对功率谱方法对风云卫星热红外亮温数据进行处理,发现精河M_S6.6地震前存在明显的前兆异常。异常时空演化特征为2017年7月12日在北天山地震带中、东部和阿尔泰地震带中部开始出现相对功率谱高值聚集现象,随后幅值和面积逐渐增大,持续至7月27日异常面积和幅度达到最大值,然后逐渐减弱,2017年8月14日后基本恢复正常,异常持续大约1个月,8月9日在异常区域边缘发生精河M_S6.6地震。地震震中所在的北天山地震带平均相对功率谱值时序变化特征与异常区域时间演化过程类似,地震发生在平均相对功率谱由最大值恢复至正常背景值的过程中。     

2021年青海玛多MS7.4地震前后CO异常变化研究

地震前后气体地球化学信息的研究在地震监测预报中具有较高的应用价值。为研究2021年5月22日青海玛多M_S7.4地震与CO时空变化之间的关系,在以瓦里关大气观测站地面数据验证大气红外探测仪(AIRS)反演数据可靠性的基础上,提取玛多M_S7.4地震前后AIRS反演的CO数据,通过滑动均值法、差值法对玛多地震前后不同尺度的CO浓度数据进行处理和分析。结果表明:利用卫星遥感数据提取CO地球化学信息是可靠的。时间上,玛多M_S7.4地震前两个月CO浓度开始波动,出现峰值,地震发生后恢复平静;空间上,震中位置的CO浓度在近地面变化尤其明显,震中及附近区域的CO浓度从3月开始逐渐升高,由离散分布逐渐向震中和发震断裂带聚拢靠近,到4月底达到最大异常18.60×10^-9,异常高值中心的连线与发震断层江错断裂走向、地表破裂分布一致。排除背景值和季节变化的影响,推断CO浓度异常变化是地震引起的,主要归因于地下气体释放和岩石挤压碰撞产气,气体逸散后在大气圈中发生的一系列化学反应起次要作用。     

2017年8月8日九寨沟MS7.0地震前成都台地磁谐波振幅比异常分析

2017年8月8日四川省九寨沟县发生M_S7.0地震,成都地震基准台距此次地震震中约255km,震前该台地磁谐波振幅比出现趋势性异常。对成都台GM4磁通门磁力仪秒数据进行谐波振幅比计算,结果显示,谐波振幅比在九寨沟M_S7.0地震前表现出下降—转折—恢复上升的异常变化形态,地震发生在异常恢复期,同时,异常表现出由长周期向短周期迁移、SN向与EW向变化不同步的特征,芦山M_S7.0地震前成都台地磁谐波振幅比亦呈现了相似的异常变化特征。     

PBDEs in the blubber of marine mammals from coastal areas of São Paulo, Brazil, southwestern Atlantic

Limited information is available in the literature on the levels of brominated flame retardants in the southern hemisphere. This study presents concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the blubber of small cetaceans from the coast of São Paulo (Brazil), southwestern Atlantic. PBDE levels were highest in Stenellafrontalis (770 ng g⁻¹ lipid) followed by Stenobredanensis (475 ng g⁻¹ lipid), Sotaliaguianensis (65.6 ng g⁻¹ lipid), Tursiopstruncatus (64.2 ng g⁻¹ lipid) and Pontoporiablainvillei (60.3 ng g⁻¹ lipid). In general, continental shelf individuals exhibited higher contamination than inshore animals. This might be related to larger prey items consumed by continental shelf dolphins. The pattern of contamination indicates that Penta-BDE commercial mixtures are a major source of PBDEs to top predators in the southwestern Atlantic. Congeners found in Octa-BDE formulations were not detected in the investigated animals.     

Alien aquatic plants in a thermally abnormal river and their assembly to neophyte-dominated macrophyte stands (River Erft, Northrhine-Westphalia)

Floristic surveys, vegetation mapping, and detailed transect analyses rendered a macrophyte flora of 14 native and five alien taxa of flowering plants in the River Erft, a contributory of the River Rhine in Northrhine-Westphalia. Water temperatures of this river do not fall below 10 °C all the year round, for reasons of geothermically heated water discharged from nearby opencast mining areas. Macrophyte stand structures, composed of the neophytes Azolla filiculoides and Lemna minuta (floating) and Myriophyllum aquaticum, Egeria densa, and Vallisneria spiralis (rooted in the muddy or sandy ground of the river) are described and the ecological requirements of these taxa are characterized. The alien species can be seen as elements that increase the α-diversity of the aquatic vegetation of the River Erft. They do not replace any of the native species, even if shifts in the competition dynamics occur. The colonization by neophytes of the abnormally warmed River Erft can be appreciated as paradigmatic for trends in the macrophyte vegetation of medium-sized rivers in Central Europe when climate-related or discharge-based heating of the waterbody occurs and propagules of alien plants imported by waterfowl or – more important – plants from aquarium waste will find suitable places of existence and spread.     

Differential piscivory of the native Percichthys trucha and exotic salmonids upon the native forage fish Galaxias maculatus in Patagonian Andean lakes

The present paper analyses predation patterns, of Percichthys trucha and salmonid fish upon Galaxias maculatus in five lakes of northern Patagonia with differing community and environmental characteristics. Tank experiments were performed to evaluate relative efficiency of native and exotic predators of G. maculatus under treatments with and without cover (aquatic vegetation). Important differences were found between predators with regards to distribution and consumption of G. maculatus. Salmonids are more efficient than P. trucha in consuming G. maculatus in deep environments with scarcely vegetation; in contrast to native species they frequently use the pelagic environment. Although pelagic habitat might have served in the past as a refuge from native predators in the past, G maculatus now experiences intense predation in the pelagic zone by exotic salmonids. It is suggested that the widespread distribution of G. maculatus in Patagonian lakes may have facilitated the success of salmonids throughout Patagonia.     

Determination of the Geopotential Scale Factor from TOPEX/POSEIDON Satellite Altimetry

The geopotential scale factor R _o = GM/W _o (the GM geocentric gravitational constant adopted) and/or geoidal potential Wo have been determined on the basis of the first year's (Oct 92 – Dec 93) ERS-1/TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data and of the POCM 4B sea surface topography model: R _o °=(6 363 672.58°±0.05) m, W _o °=(62 636 855.8°±0.05)m ² s ^–2 . The 2°–°3 cm uncertainty in the altimeter calibration limits the actual accuracy of the solution. Monitoring dW _o /dt has been projected.     

外来种福寿螺(Pomacea canaliculata)对3种沉水植物的牧食偏好及水体理化因子的响应

外来种福寿螺(Pomacea canaliculata)相较我国本土螺类其牧食量更大且繁殖速度更快,对栖息地水生植物的现存量和实施水生植被恢复的生态治理工程的成功性可能构成威胁,目前对福寿螺影响浅水湖泊沉水植物的重建缺乏足够的研究.本文通过设置不同沉水植物种类组合系统,研究福寿螺对3种常用于浅水富营养化湖泊治理的沉水植物密刺苦草(Vallisneria denseserrulata)、轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)的牧食偏好以及不同植物配置系统理化因子的响应变化,结果表明福寿螺对沉水植物植株附着偏好为密刺苦草轮叶黑藻穗花狐尾藻,而牧食破坏强度为轮叶黑藻穗花狐尾藻密刺苦草,轮叶黑藻最容易受到福寿螺牧食影响而快速消亡,穗花狐尾藻叶片也会被全部牧食仅剩下茎,而苦草存活受到的影响较小.福寿螺会导致轮叶黑藻+密刺苦草组合系统中总氮、氨氮、总磷、正磷酸盐浓度显著升高,而密刺苦草+穗花狐尾藻组合中总磷、正磷酸盐浓度显著升高,但是在轮叶黑藻+穗花狐尾藻组合中仅总氮浓度显著升高.研究表明福寿螺能够影响沉水植物间的竞争关系,但是3种沉水植物均不能阻止福寿螺的牧食;福寿螺牧食会显著降低沉水植物生物量,最终会影响草型清水态系统的稳定性.     

近30 a云贵高原湖泊表面水体面积变化遥感监测与时空分析

以云贵高原湖泊近30 a来的TM、ETM~+和OLI遥感影像为数据源,采用归一化水体指数(NDWI)、改进归一化水体指数(MNDWI)、新型水体指数(NWI)、增强型水体指数(EWI)和自动水体提取指数5种水体指数提取了1985—2015年云贵高原10个湖泊表面水体面积,并对各种算法进行精度对比分析.针对湖泊各自特点采用不同的水体指数提取其表面水体面积,并进行水体面积变化时空分析.结果表明:云贵高原湖泊表面水体面积总体呈现先增加后缩减趋势,1985—1995年湖泊表面水体面积增加了30.86 km~2,1995—2015年湖泊水体表面面积减少了48.12 km~2,其中,面积变化最大的是杞麓湖与异龙湖.对云贵高原湖泊表面水体面积变化与该区域的年降水量、蒸发量、平均气温、流域植被覆盖面积和人类活动时空进行相关分析,结果表明:1)高原湖泊对区域气候变化的响应具有明显的空间差异性,云贵高原湖泊的表面水体面积与气候相关性较显著,气温升高引起蒸发加速,降水量下降,湖面不断缩小,与逐年上升的气温呈负相关,与逐年波动上升的蒸发量呈负相关,与逐年减少的降水量呈正相关;2)云贵高原湖泊各流域的植被覆盖面积与湖泊面积变化相关性较弱;3)人类活动是影响湖泊面积变化的重要因素,大肆围湖造田、围湖养殖以及旅游开发等人类活动直接导致云贵高原湖泊面积的锐减,并对湖泊生态环境产生重要影响.     

Species differences in stomatal control of water loss at the canopy scale in a mature bottomland deciduous forest

In order to evaluate factors controlling transpiration of six common eastern deciduous species in North America, a model describing responses of canopy stomatal conductance (G_S) to net radiation (R_N), vapor pressure deficit (D) and relative extractable soil water (REW) was parameterized from sap flux data. Sap flux was measured in 24 mature trees consisting of the species Carya tomentosa, Quercus alba, Q. rubra, Fraxinus americana, Liriodendron tulipifera, and Liquidambar styraciflua in a bottomland oak-hickory forest in the Duke Forest, NC. Species differences in model coefficients were found during the 1997 growing season. All species showed a reduction in G_S with increasing D. R_N influenced G_S in the overstory shade intolerant L. styraciflua to a larger extent than the other species measured. In addition, despite a severe drought during the study period, only L. tulipifera showed a decline in G_S with decreasing REW. The primary effect of the drought for the other species appeared to be early autumn leaf senescence and abscission. As a result, despite the drought in this bottomland forest accustomed to ample water supply, maximum daily transpiration (1.6 mm) and growing season transpiration (264 mm) were similar to a nearby upland forest measured during a year of above average precipitation. These results may aid in assessing differences in water use and the ability of bottomland deciduous species to tolerate alterations in the frequency or amount of precipitation. Results also suggest little variation in water use among forests of similar composition and structure growing in different positions in the landscape and subjected to large interannual variation in water supply.     

Cloning and developmental expression of kinesin superfamily7 (kif7) in the brackish medaka (Oryzias melastigma), a close relative of the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)

kif7 is a member of the kinesin superfamily members which are molecular motor proteins that move along microtubules in a highly regulated manner through ATP hydrolysis. In this paper, we report on the cloning of the Oryzias melastigma kif7 (omkif7) using primers designed according to the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) database. The cloned omkif7 has an open reading frame of 3762bp and is deduced to encode a polypeptide of 1254 amino acids that possesses the putative ATP-binding and microtubule-binding motifs in its motor domain at the N-terminal region. We characterized the cloned omkif7 by comparison with the zebrafish kif7. Both omkif7 and zebrafish kif7 are shown to be expressed in all embryonic stages and adult tissues examined with higher expression level in the testis and ovary. Whole-mount in situ hybridization revealed that the expression of omkif7 is ubiquitous during the early stages of embryonic development, but became more restrictive and localized to the brain, fin bud and eye at later development. This study suggested that the brackish O.melastigma can serve as a good seawater model organism for developmental studies by utilizing the resources developed from its close relative of the Japanese medaka.     

1950s以来洪湖主要优势沉水植物群落变化

通过野外调查并结合历史数据对洪湖沉水植被进行长时间序列变化研究,构建自1950s以来洪湖主要优势沉水植物群落穗状狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)、微齿眼子菜(Potamogeton maackianus)、金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)和轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)的群落分布图并计算其面积.结果表明:穗状狐尾藻群落面积从1950s占全湖的6%增加至1990s的65%,而后急剧下降至2010年的2%,然后又恢复至2014年的15%;微齿眼子菜群落面积从1950s的10%增至1990s的65%,然后下降至2014年的38%;金鱼藻群落面积从1980s的6%增至1990s的39%,2010年以后则稳定在25%;轮叶黑藻群落面积1950s占全湖的32%,随后急剧下降至1980s的6%,2000年以后逐步增加,至2014年为15%.1950s1990s,穗状狐尾藻、微齿眼子菜和金鱼藻群落分布范围从周边向湖心扩展,而轮叶黑藻群落从湖中心消失;2000年以后洪湖沉水植物群落分布破碎化明显.分析认为,1950s 1990s的围垦和水文过程变化,1990s 2005年的围网养殖、水生植物过度利用以及由此导致的水质恶化等,以及2006年至今开展的拆围和生态修复是导致这些变化的主要因素.建议取缔围网,控制入湖水质,提高水体透明度,促进水生植被恢复,但同时增加水位变幅,促进植物资源合理利用,避免沼泽化重演.     

Fungal infection of Eudiaptomus gracilis (Copepoda, crustacea) in Lake Mondsee

An Aphanomyces sp. (Oomycetes) was found to be an important egg parasite of Eudiaptomus gracilis (Copepoda) in Lake Mondsee (Austria). The infection is evidenced by densely packed infection hyphae, attached with holdfasts and wrapped around the female's abdomen. The infection hyphae give rise to hyphae which penetrate the egg sac, and subsequently kill all eggs. The infection obviously has no pathogenetic effects on the egg-carrying female. Infected females appear during summer and fall, mainly in warm water layers. Infected egg clutches are found at all seasons of the year, indicating considerable birth control of the Eudiaptomus population by parasite infection. It seems possible that the actual Aphanomyces sp. is not the only parasite involved.