Trophic scaling of Percichthys trucha (Percichthyidae) in monospecific and multispecific lakes in western Patagonia

Percichthys trucha is a freshwater fish, endemic to southern South America and widely distributed in both, eastern and western sides of the Andes. P. trucha has been described as top native predator in lacustrine ecosystems, experimenting diet shifting during their life history development. Salmonid invasions have impacted their natural ecology through trophic niche interference and predation over alternative high quality prey. This study focuses on populations of P. trucha in western Patagonia, where its trophic ecology have been less understood. We hypothesised a diet shift between juveniles and adults from lower-trophic position prey towards higher-trophic position prey. Fish were collected from 7 lakes belonging to Puelo and Baker river basins, covering a high diversity of environmental conditions. Stomach content and δ¹⁵N stable isotope ratio of muscle tissues of 313 individuals were analysed. Results indicate significant differences in diet between juveniles and adults, shifting from planktonic/benthic preys towards benthic/piscivory, and concomitantly enrichment in heavier nitrogen isotope suggest trophic scaling. No trophic scaling was observed in populations inhabiting lakes with any other fish species present, essentially due to lack of Galaxias sp. as available prey and absence of cannibalism. Despite the fact that P. trucha and Galaxias sp. co-occur in studied river basins, no salmonid-free lakes harbouring this two native species were found, making it difficult to elucidate exact effects of salmonids on trophic scaling of P. trucha. Consumption of aquatic Odonata nymphs, however, arises as one of potential key mechanism for resilience of native food webs to salmonid invasion.     

Trophic interactions of the pelagic ciliate Stentor spp. in North Patagonian lakes

The zooplankton of oligotrophic lakes in North Patagonia is often dominated by mixotrophic ciliates, particularly Stentor amethystinus and Stentor araucanus. Therefore, we tested whether Stentor spp. (i) is an important food for juvenile endemic (Cheirodon australe, Galaxias maculatus, Odontesthes mauleanum, Percichthys trucha) and introduced (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fish species, and (ii) represents a remarkable grazer of bacteria. Ingestion rates of fish estimated by disappearance of Stentor in feeding experiments ranged between 8 (G. maculatus) and 53 (C. australe) ciliates per fish and day, and assimilation rates measured by using radioactively labelled Stentor ranged between 3 (P. trucha) and 52 (C. australe) ciliates per fish and day. However, although we detected the consumption of Stentor by fish, the daily consumption amounted to at most 0.2% of the fish biomass which can not cover the energy requirement of the fish. Furthermore, the daily consumption was equivalent to a maximum of 1.6% of the Stentor standing stock so that fish predation does not seem to be an important mortality factor for the ciliates. The clearance rate of Stentor sp. on natural bacteria was on average 3.8 μl cil⁻¹ h⁻¹. The daily ingestion (mean 3.9 ng C cil⁻¹ d⁻¹) was about 3.5% of the individual biomass of Stentor sp. Therefore, bacteria ingestion might explain a ciliate growth rate of appr. 1% d⁻¹, which was about 17% of the photosynthesis of endosymbiotic algae. The maximum density of Stentor sp. in the lake could ingest about 1 μg C L⁻¹ d⁻¹ bacteria which is only 3% of average bacterial production. Thus, grazing by Stentor sp. does not seem to be a main loss factor for the bacteria.     

Observations on the relations of some physico-chemical features and DVM of Paradiaptomus africanus in Lakes Bishoftu-Guda and Hora-Arsedi, Bishoftu, Ethiopia

Bishoftu-Guda and Hora-Arsedi are two crater lakes found in close proximity with each other in a locality known as Bishoftu, 50 km south of Addis Ababa, capital city of Ethiopia. The main objective of this study was to measure some physico-chemical features and discuss their relations with the dial vertical migration (DVM) behavior of Paradiaptomus africanus, the dominant macrozooplankton in both lakes. By depth measurements of dissolved oxygen and temperature showed that there is persistent stratification in these lakes. Secchi depth was shallow and the water chemistry as shown from conductivity and chemical analysis were comparable between the two lakes. These data were compared with previous reports to bring out the overall limnological scenario of the two lakes. Then, the relations of these data to the DVM of P. africanus in both lakes were discussed. It was found out that DVM of P. africanus occurred in Lakes Bishoftu-Guda and Hora-Arsedi mostly within a range of about 3 m very likely for two reasons, namely avoidance of solar radiation and ultimately vertebrate visual predation. However, the depth of DVM of P. africanus was found to be very shallow probably due to high water turbidity that provided this calanoid sufficient refuge by daylight from both dangers, while at the same time P. africanus remained in warm and oxygen-rich waters. Temperature was not much of a factor affecting DVM as it remained above 19 °C at all depths. As this study was conducted over limited time frames, seasonal studies regarding changes in physico-chemical parameters, plankton, vertebrate predators and human interference were recommended so that the information so gathered could be used in the management of the study lakes.     

同形溞(Daphnia similis)对幽蚊幼虫反捕食策略的模拟研究

枝角类溞会由于捕食者的存在而发生形态、行为、生活史等的变化.通过为期10 d对太湖春、夏季优势种同形溞(Daphnia similis)在有幽蚊幼虫(CL)、无幽蚊幼虫(CK)及培养过幽蚊幼虫的过滤水(FL)3个环境水平的模拟实验,发现同形溞在有幽蚊幼虫和培养过幽蚊幼虫的过滤水处理下平均体长、累积产仔数及平均产仔数均显著大于无幽蚊幼虫组,表明幽蚊幼虫释放的信息素能改变同形溞的体长、产仔数等生活史参数,这种改变会降低同形溞被捕食的风险.说明在自然环境下,幽蚊幼虫等无脊椎捕食者能通过直接捕食和信息素的间接作用共同影响枝角类种群.     

秀丽白虾(Exopalaemon modestus)对亚热带湖库春夏季水体营养水平和浮游生物群落的影响——基于微宇宙模拟实验

秀丽白虾(Exopalaemon modestus)是我国大型淡水湖库的重要经济渔获对象,也是水体中浮游动物的捕食者之一.以往的研究从渔业的角度揭示了秀丽白虾的生物学特征与食性,但少有研究探讨秀丽白虾这一无脊椎动物捕食者对春、夏季浮游生物群落的影响.本研究设计了一个单因素户外微宇宙实验,比较了春季—初夏(4-6月)时期,有无秀丽白虾条件下水体氮、磷浓度以及浮游生物生物量和群落结构的变化.结果 表明:1)秀丽白虾的存在显著降低了春季水体总氮(TN)浓度,增加了水体总磷(TP)浓度,降低了水体TN∶TP比值;2)秀丽白虾的捕食减少了大型枝角类Daphnia pulex和浮游动物总生物量,D.pulex在浮游动物群落中的优势度被轮虫取代,浮游动物群落趋于小型化;3)秀丽白虾显著增加了春季水体叶绿素a浓度,但对浮游植物群落结构的影响不明显.研究表明在大型湖库中,秀丽白虾等无脊椎动物捕食者可能是影响浮游生物群落变化的因素之一,在春季浮游生物研究中应予以关注.     

太湖和巢湖中微囊藻(Microcystis)与长孢藻(Dolichospermum)的长时序变化及其驱动因子

随着我国湖泊治理力度的加大,太湖和巢湖的营养盐水平,特别是氮水平近年来明显下降,如2007年以后太湖总氮和近年来巢湖的氨氮水平都呈现下降趋势,但是2个湖泊水华蓝藻的优势种却向相反的方向演化,太湖的长孢藻(Dolichospermum)比例在增加,而巢湖的长孢藻比例却在降低,为阐明这种变化过程和驱动因素,本研究利用太湖(19932015年)和巢湖(2012 2018年)的历史数据分析了2个湖泊中的水华蓝藻——微囊藻(Microcystis)和长孢藻生物量的历史变化过程,并结合营养盐数据分析了影响2种水华蓝藻变动的驱动因素.结果显示:太湖和巢湖的微囊藻生物量多年来始终保持高位波动,近年来均有升高的趋势,这与2个湖泊磷的高位波动具有明显的相关性,磷是决定微囊藻生物量长尺度变化的主要驱动因素;太湖的长孢藻生物量呈现较大波动变化,2007年以后明显升高,巢湖的长孢藻生物量则明显下降,氮与长孢藻生物量呈现负相关关系,而且这种负相关仅在低磷浓度时具有显著性.微囊藻生物量对磷浓度变化敏感的正反馈响应是其水华形成的重要机制之一,在高温高磷条件下,微囊藻可以快速繁殖,并竞争性排除长孢藻,从而形成优势;而长孢藻可以通过温度生态位和固氮两种方式占据优势,在氮浓度相对较低,且温度低于微囊藻形成水华的温度范围时,长孢藻可以依靠温度生态位的优势形成水华,而在氮限制的条件下,即使在夏季高温时,长孢藻依然可以利用固氮作用形成水华,但是关键的温度阈值和开始固氮的氮浓度阈值仍不清楚.基于2种水华蓝藻对营养盐变化响应的差异,建议在进行蓝藻水华治理、污染削减过程中,应针对不同水华蓝藻的特性进行分时段分类别的营养盐控制策略.     

五个湖泊中华刺鳅(Mastacembelus sinensis)种群线粒体细胞色素b遗传多样性分析

采用特异性引物对中华刺鳅基因组DNA进行扩增和测序,获得了江苏省5个湖泊的中华刺鳅种群线粒体cyt b基因767 bp的序列.分析表明,cyt b基因中A+T含量略高于G+C含量,144个中华刺鳅共获得cyt b基因单倍型28个,变异位点38个,其中单倍型Hap1分布最为广泛,可能为祖先型单倍型.平均单倍型多样性和平均核苷酸多样性指数分别为0.58751和0.00214,遗传多样性较低.群体间遗传分化系数为0.0356,绝大多数的遗传变异都来自群体内部,而群体间的遗传分化极小.构建的系统进化树未出现明显的以单个湖泊群体的聚簇,5个湖泊的种群间基因交流极其强烈.研究结果表明,当前5个湖泊的中华刺鳅遗传多样性水平比较低,亟待加强保护.     

5个湖泊河川沙塘鳢(Odontobutis potamophila)种群线粒体细胞色素b基因的遗传变异分析

通过对5个湖泊的河川沙塘鳢种群的线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因进行PCR扩增、测序,获得1141 bp的序列全长.序列分析显示,cyt b基因序列中A+T含量(55.8%)略高于G+C含量(44.2%),共检测到806个多态位点,115个样本得到87个单倍型,平均单倍型多样性为0.969±0.012,核苷酸多样性为0.20081±0.00742,遗传多样性表现高度多样性.太湖种群与大纵湖种群间的遗传距离最近,为0.137,巢湖种群和大纵湖种群之间遗传距离最远,为0.424.分子方差分析表明,群体间遗传分化系数Fst为0.531,变异来自群体内及群体间.cyt b基因序列构建的UPGMA系统进化树显示,5个种群分化成不同的分支系谱,种群间存在的基因交流较少.     

长江中下游5个湖泊黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)种群线粒体细胞色素b基因的遗传变异分析

对长江中下游5个湖泊的黄颡鱼种群的线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因进行了PCR扩增、测序,获得了955 bp的序列.分析显示,cyt b序列中A+T含量略高于G+C含量,共检测到54个变异位点,60个样本得到37个单倍型,平均单倍型多样性为0.945±0.018,核苷酸多样性为0.00419±0.00043,遗传多样性表现中等.太湖种群与滆湖种群间的遗传距离最远为0.00651,鄱阳湖种群和巢湖种群之间遗传距离最近为0.00375.分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明,群体间遗传分化系数F_st为0.0684,几乎所有变异都来自群体内,群体间遗传分化极小.cyt b序列构建UPGMA系统进化树显示,5个种群没有分化成不同的分枝谱系,种群间存在广泛的基因交流.     

水深对沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria natans)和穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)生长的影响

水深是影响浅水湖泊沉水植物生长的主要因素之一.莲座型苦草（Vallisneria natans）和冠层型穗花狐尾藻（Myriophyllum spicatum）是我国长江中下游浅水湖泊中常见的沉水植物种类,二者在形态特征上具有较大的差异.在自然水体中,水深变化对这两种植物的生长以及竞争格局的影响还有待研究.本文设计了3个水深梯度（水深0.5、1.5、2.5 m）,探讨混栽条件下苦草和穗花狐尾藻生长和竞争格局对水深变化的响应.结果显示在实验系统内,中水深（1.5 m）处理组对两种植物的生长均最有利,表现为两种植物的相对生长率和生物量均最高.低水深（0.5 m）处理组苦草的生物量和相对生长率均显著低于高水深（2.5 m）处理组;穗花狐尾藻则相反,高水深对其生长的抑制作用更大.2种沉水植物在高水深胁迫时均表现出地上部分（叶长或茎长）增加,地下部分（根长）减少的形态响应特征.此外,随着水深由高到低,苦草与穗花狐尾藻生物量之比逐渐减小,表明苦草在两种植物中的竞争优势逐渐降低.研究表明湖泊水深变化不仅能够影响沉水植物的丰度,同时还可能会影响沉水植物的群落结构,而在我国浅水湖泊的生态修复实践中,在通过水位调控恢复沉水植物时,调控范围应考虑目标植物（如苦草）的光合特征.     

近30 a云贵高原湖泊表面水体面积变化遥感监测与时空分析

以云贵高原湖泊近30 a来的TM、ETM~+和OLI遥感影像为数据源,采用归一化水体指数(NDWI)、改进归一化水体指数(MNDWI)、新型水体指数(NWI)、增强型水体指数(EWI)和自动水体提取指数5种水体指数提取了1985—2015年云贵高原10个湖泊表面水体面积,并对各种算法进行精度对比分析.针对湖泊各自特点采用不同的水体指数提取其表面水体面积,并进行水体面积变化时空分析.结果表明:云贵高原湖泊表面水体面积总体呈现先增加后缩减趋势,1985—1995年湖泊表面水体面积增加了30.86 km~2,1995—2015年湖泊水体表面面积减少了48.12 km~2,其中,面积变化最大的是杞麓湖与异龙湖.对云贵高原湖泊表面水体面积变化与该区域的年降水量、蒸发量、平均气温、流域植被覆盖面积和人类活动时空进行相关分析,结果表明:1)高原湖泊对区域气候变化的响应具有明显的空间差异性,云贵高原湖泊的表面水体面积与气候相关性较显著,气温升高引起蒸发加速,降水量下降,湖面不断缩小,与逐年上升的气温呈负相关,与逐年波动上升的蒸发量呈负相关,与逐年减少的降水量呈正相关;2)云贵高原湖泊各流域的植被覆盖面积与湖泊面积变化相关性较弱;3)人类活动是影响湖泊面积变化的重要因素,大肆围湖造田、围湖养殖以及旅游开发等人类活动直接导致云贵高原湖泊面积的锐减,并对湖泊生态环境产生重要影响.     

不同碳磷比的斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)对同型溞(Daphnia similis)生长和繁殖的影响

食物质量会影响浮游动物的生长和繁殖,表征食物质量的指标包括食物大小、元素比、生物化学组成和毒性有无等.用斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)的碳磷比(C/P)表征食物质量,分析不同C/P斜生栅藻对同型溞(Daphnia similis)生长和繁殖的影响.研究中4个处理组斜生栅藻C/P分别为881.8、512.3、124.3和42.4.培养9 d后不同处理组同型溞的生长速率分别为0.15、0.27、0.47和0.44 d-1.C/P比为881.8的处理组同型溞在整个培养过程中没有产仔,其余3个处理组的同型溞第1成龄期的产仔量分别为1.2±1.3、9.8±2.3和9.5±2.5 ind./female.结果表明,与斜生栅藻C/P为124.3处理条件相比,斜生栅藻C/P过高(512.3和881.8)及C/P过低(42.4)处理条件下同型溞生长速率和产仔量均降低.本研究表明食物C/P的高低会影响溞的生长和繁殖,从而影响其在湖泊中的生存.     

近40年来南四湖湿地NDVI变化特征及其控制因子分析

利用Landsat系列卫星的MSS、TM和ETM+遥感数据,计算了研究区的归一化植被指数(NDVI),并以此为湿地植被活动的指标,研究1973 2011年间该湿地植被变化特征及年内季节变化特征,揭示植被活动在年内和年际变化的控制因子以及湿地植被对于气候变化、人类活动和极端干旱事件的响应特征.结果表明:(1)近40年来南四湖湿地植被各个季节的变化特征不尽相同.春季NDVI呈现先降低后增加的特征,主要先后受到研究区围垦、渔业养殖等人为活动和气候变化(增温)的影响;夏季和冬季的NDVI呈现显著降低趋势,主要受到围垦、渔业养殖等人类活动的影响;秋季NDVI的变化不显著.(2)年内季节变化方面,湿地植被面积和NDVI都呈现单峰的变化特征,从春季开始增加,在夏季末(全年的第202和205 d)达到最大值,然后开始下降,到冬季降至最低.植被的年内季节变化特征主要受到月均温度的控制.(3)干旱在一定程度上不是湖泊湿地NDVI增加的限制因子.干旱导致湖泊水位下降,滨湖滩地及湖底露出,可能会促进湿地植被生长和植被面积的扩大,使得湿地NDVI增加.     

Alien aquatic plants in a thermally abnormal river and their assembly to neophyte-dominated macrophyte stands (River Erft, Northrhine-Westphalia)

Floristic surveys, vegetation mapping, and detailed transect analyses rendered a macrophyte flora of 14 native and five alien taxa of flowering plants in the River Erft, a contributory of the River Rhine in Northrhine-Westphalia. Water temperatures of this river do not fall below 10 °C all the year round, for reasons of geothermically heated water discharged from nearby opencast mining areas. Macrophyte stand structures, composed of the neophytes Azolla filiculoides and Lemna minuta (floating) and Myriophyllum aquaticum, Egeria densa, and Vallisneria spiralis (rooted in the muddy or sandy ground of the river) are described and the ecological requirements of these taxa are characterized. The alien species can be seen as elements that increase the α-diversity of the aquatic vegetation of the River Erft. They do not replace any of the native species, even if shifts in the competition dynamics occur. The colonization by neophytes of the abnormally warmed River Erft can be appreciated as paradigmatic for trends in the macrophyte vegetation of medium-sized rivers in Central Europe when climate-related or discharge-based heating of the waterbody occurs and propagules of alien plants imported by waterfowl or – more important – plants from aquarium waste will find suitable places of existence and spread.     

太湖不同生态型湖区湖鲚(Coilia ectenes taihuensis)食物组成及其季节变化

利用单船表层单囊拖网于2013年2 12月分别在太湖不同生态型湖区(敞水湖区和草型湖区)采集湖鲚(Coilia ectenes taihuensis)样品,同时用刺网补充大个体样品.通过胃含物鉴定,分析湖鲚饵料生物的种类及数量季节和湖区间差异,同时测定湖鲚摄食率、肥满度和食物选择系数等.结果显示,湖鲚主要食物为浮游枝角类和桡足类,此外,水生昆虫、轮虫和小型鱼虾也是湖鲚的重要食物来源.湖鲚食物组成季节变化明显,冬季以桡足类的哲水蚤(Calanus spp.)、剑水蚤(Cyclops spp.)为主,夏、秋季则以枝角类的象鼻溞(Bosmina spp.)、裸腹溞(Moina spp.)和盘肠溞(Chydorus spp.)为主.不同湖区湖鲚食物种类差异明显,草型湖区水生昆虫、鱼虾较敞水湖区多,桡足类较敞水湖区少.不同湖区间湖鲚食物数量差异明显,敞水湖区湖鲚平均食物数量为788.98±262.4 ind./尾,而草型湖区仅为298.85±71.1 ind./尾.湖鲚主动摄食大型枝角类,如僧帽溞(Daphnia cucullata)、低额溞(Simocephalus spp.)和大型溞(Daphnia magna),选择指数(Ii)介于0.59~1.00之间.小型裸腹溞(Moina spp.)也是湖鲚主动选择的食物(0.62Ii0.95),但湖鲚对桡足类选择性较低,这可能与桡足类较强的逃避能力有关.湖鲚对食物选择性的季节变化明显,如冬季回避透明薄皮溞(Leptodora kindti),而夏季则主动选择,但不同湖区湖鲚对食物的选择差别较小.本研究结果有利于从食物网层面剖析湖鲚种群增长原因,进而通过生物操纵理论对湖鲚种群进行控制,最终为形成合理的湖泊渔业结构和湖泊环境修复提供科学依据.     

重污染底泥对苦草（Vallisneria natans）和黑藻（Hydrilla verticillata）繁殖体萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为探究重污染底泥对沉水植物繁殖体萌发和幼苗生长影响,以苦草（Vallisneria natans）种子和黑藻（Hydrilla verticillata）冬芽为研究对象,以轻污染底泥为对照组,通过室内模拟实验研究了重污染底泥对两种繁殖体萌发和幼苗生长、生理特性的影响。实验结果表明,与轻污染底泥相比,重污染底泥对苦草种子萌发和幼苗生长无显著影响。黑藻冬芽萌发和幼苗地上部生物量在两组间没有显著差异,但重污染底泥组幼苗的地下部生物量显著高于轻污染底泥组,其地上部和地下部生物量比值由7.06±0.38下降至2.97±0.08。此外,苦草和黑藻幼苗受到重污染底泥胁迫表现出不同的生理响应。苦草幼苗叶片的类胡萝卜素含量显著减少,可溶性糖和蛋白含量分别降低11.56%、24.10%,根系活力也明显受到抑制,仅为（34.93±3.28） mg/（g·h）;黑藻幼苗生理响应与苦草略有不同,其叶片的叶绿素a、b含量显著增加,根系活力降低44.29%,可溶性糖和蛋白含量在轻污染组和重污染组之间无显著差异。由此可见,重污染底泥对苦草种子和黑藻冬芽的萌发影响不显著,但会明显影响幼苗的生长发育和生理特性,研究结果为...     

刚毛藻(Cladophora)生态学研究进展

刚毛藻(Cladophora)在全球海洋及淡水中普遍存在,它为沿岸带微生物和无脊椎动物提供了生产力和微生存空间.随着水体富营养化程度的加剧,刚毛藻在沿岸带出现暴发现象,造成严重的环境污染,同时刚毛藻的存在也影响了湖泊生态修复过程中沉水植被的恢复.本文从刚毛藻形态与种类鉴定、生长与分布影响因素、生长周期与种群动态、种间关系及生物去除等研究前沿方面进行综述,并对相关研究领域进行展望,为进一步研究刚毛藻生态生理特征、有效控制和去除提供科学依据.     

Extended larval development compensates for sublethal effects of fish predation in a mayfly population (Rhithrogena semicolorata, Ephemeroptera)

Many predation experiments in streams are carried out in enclosures. Hence, the relevance of their results to predict population dynamics is often unclear due to the relatively small spatial and temporal scale of the experiments. To enhance the transferability of experimental results on the ecosystem scale the impact of fish predators on a prey population was observed in a reach scale approach over 2 years in a natural stream. A 400-m reach inhabited by the small benthivorous fishes gudgeon (Gobio gobio) and stone loach (Barbatula barbatula) was compared with a fishless reference reach.It was shown that fish predation may affect the population of the grazing mayfly Rhithrogena semicolorata on the ecosystem scale. Although the larvae grew slower in the fish reach than in the fishless reach, the adults reached the same size and fecundity because they emerged 2–3 weeks later. By this compensation, the prey species avoided a reduction of their individual fecundity. On the other hand, the extended exposure to the fish predators resulted in an enhanced mortality and a reduced density of adult mayflies. Thus, there was obviously a trade-off between maximising fecundity and minimising mortality from fish predation.The observed differences were almost certainly caused be fish predation and not by natural differences of the reaches. This was concluded from results gained after eliminating all benthivorous fish from the former fish reach.With the help of scenario analyses based on our empirical data and simple model assumptions we could demonstrate that compensating the potential loss in fecundity by extending development time led to higher average fitness of the prey population than emerging at an earlier fixed time to avoid additional predation losses. Therefore, we concluded that this strategy was adaptive in the presence of benthivorous fish.     

Cloning and developmental expression of kinesin superfamily7 (kif7) in the brackish medaka (Oryzias melastigma), a close relative of the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)

kif7 is a member of the kinesin superfamily members which are molecular motor proteins that move along microtubules in a highly regulated manner through ATP hydrolysis. In this paper, we report on the cloning of the Oryzias melastigma kif7 (omkif7) using primers designed according to the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) database. The cloned omkif7 has an open reading frame of 3762bp and is deduced to encode a polypeptide of 1254 amino acids that possesses the putative ATP-binding and microtubule-binding motifs in its motor domain at the N-terminal region. We characterized the cloned omkif7 by comparison with the zebrafish kif7. Both omkif7 and zebrafish kif7 are shown to be expressed in all embryonic stages and adult tissues examined with higher expression level in the testis and ovary. Whole-mount in situ hybridization revealed that the expression of omkif7 is ubiquitous during the early stages of embryonic development, but became more restrictive and localized to the brain, fin bud and eye at later development. This study suggested that the brackish O.melastigma can serve as a good seawater model organism for developmental studies by utilizing the resources developed from its close relative of the Japanese medaka.     

基质类型对耳萝卜螺(Radix auricularia)-苦草(Vallisneria spiralis)牧食关系的影响

沉水植物和螺类都是水生生态系统的重要组成部分,两者的牧食关系也是水生食物网中重要的一环,而不同的基质类型可能会影响两者的生长和改变沉水植物对螺类牧食的防御策略.以耳萝卜螺（Radix auricularia）和苦草（Vallisneria spiralis）为对象,研究基质类型、螺类牧食对沉水植物的生长及防御策略的影响,以及基质类型及沉水植物对螺类生长和生理特征的影响.研究发现,螺类牧食和基质类型对苦草生长和元素特征具有显著的影响,存在螺类牧食时,泥沙基质和沙基质苦草的相对生长速率显著降低,泥沙、沙和泥基质苦草地上生物量分别减少了67.74%、58.58%和17.84%,根冠比分别升高了177.51%、217.23%和1.44%;且泥沙基质中苦草的叶片数显著低于无牧食组.不同基质类型下,牧食对苦草总碳含量无显著影响,但泥和泥沙组中,螺类牧食使苦草的总氮含量均显著降低,碳氮比均显著升高;沙基质下,螺类牧食使苦草总酚含量显著降低.基质类型对螺类的形态特征（除壳宽外）、生长及元素含量均无显著影响.总体来看,基质类型对耳萝卜螺牧食和苦草防御策略具有一定程度的影响,但对螺类的生长及元素特征基本无影响.本研究可以为牧食理论的研究提供基础数据支持,也可为沉水植被恢复、水生生态系统稳定提供参考,但基质类型对螺草牧食关系的长期影响,仍需进一步深入研究.