考虑填土强度的加筋土挡墙动位移计算

加筋土挡墙在地震荷载作用下的位移大小对结构的抗震性能影响显著。为了计算地震荷载作用下加筋土挡墙的位移,Newmark滑块法通常被用于设计中。由于传统的Newmark滑块法在计算中忽略了填土强度的变化,因而采用单一峰值或残余强度的计算将可能导致计算得到的位移小于或大于实际位移值。在二楔块破坏模式的假定条件下,根据楔块的力学平衡条件,建立了由加筋土挡墙屈服加速度系数表示的滑动安全系数计算式,同时通过引入位移阈值考虑了填土的应变软化特点。通过对计算结果与模型试验结果对比,得到以下结论:相较于单楔块法,二楔块法更能真实反映出墙体的实际破坏模式且计算出的屈服加速度系数更接近试验值;相较于采用单一峰值或残余强度计算的位移,考虑填土应变软化的计算解更接近于模型测试值。     

考虑填土强度的加筋土挡墙动位移计算

加筋土挡墙在地震荷载作用下的位移大小对结构的抗震性能影响显著。为了计算地震荷载作用下加筋土挡墙的位移,Newmark滑块法通常被用于设计中。由于传统的Newmark滑块法在计算中忽略了填土强度的变化,因而采用单一峰值或残余强度的计算将可能导致计算得到的位移小于或大于实际位移值。在二楔块破坏模式的假定条件下,根据楔块的力学平衡条件,建立了由加筋土挡墙屈服加速度系数表示的滑动安全系数计算式,同时通过引入位移阈值考虑了填土的应变软化特点。通过对计算结果与模型试验结果对比,得到以下结论:相较于单楔块法,二楔块法更能真实反映出墙体的实际破坏模式且计算出的屈服加速度系数更接近试验值;相较于采用单一峰值或残余强度计算的位移,考虑填土应变软化的计算解更接近于模型测试值。     

考虑土体应变软化特性的滑坡抗滑桩设计推力研究

传统剩余推力方法的基本假设仅适用于理想塑性材料或应变硬化材料,对具有应变软化特性的坡体其适用性受到限制。基于土体的应变软化性质,探讨了其剪应变和抗剪能力的对应关系。通过引入条块底部的应变协调方程,对滑坡条块推力计算方法进行改进,提出了考虑应变软化特性的滑坡抗滑桩设计推力计算新方法。实例分析表明,改进的方法计算得到的滑坡当前稳定性系数介于分别取峰值强度和残余强度所获的结果之间;所得的抗滑桩设计推力值相较残余强度算得的值小,较峰值强度算得的值大,介于两者之间;能考虑土体应变软化特性的设计推力计算是依据滑坡当前状态进行,既能够起到及时遏制滑坡进一步发展的作用,又比较符合坡体实际情况。     

基于平面应变统一强度公式的结构性黄土填料挡墙地震被动土压力研究

基于结构性黄土不同含水率方形试样的三轴剪切试验,研究了非饱和黄土的残余强度效应和构度与强度参数的关系,引入两种效应修正了平面应变统一强度公式,分析了地震荷载作用下墙后土应力摩尔圆的变化规律,采用水平层分析法,建立了综合考虑中主应力、土结构性、残余强度的黄土填料被动动土压力公式。研究表明:平面应变统一强度公式计算得到的峰值或残余黏聚力和摩擦角随统一强度参数b值增大而增大,结构性对黏聚力的增幅较大,而对摩擦角影响则不明显;结构性黄土的地震被动土压力系数随b值、构度指标的增大而增大,而随水平地震系数的增大而减小;结构性较大时残余强度计算的地震被动土压力系数较峰值强度大,结构性较小时,两者计算结果接近。     

基于平面应变统一强度公式的结构性黄土填料挡墙地震被动土压力研究

基于结构性黄土不同含水量方形试样的三轴剪切试验,研究了非饱和黄土的残余强度效应和构度与强度参数的关系,引入两种效应修正了平面应变统一强度公式,分析了地震荷载作用下墙后土应力莫尔圆的变化规律,采用水平层分析法,建立了综合考虑中主应力、土结构性、残余强度的黄土填料被动动土压力公式。研究表明:平面应变统一强度公式计算得到的峰值或残余粘聚力和摩擦角随统一强度参数b值增大而增大,结构性对粘聚力的增幅较大,而对摩擦角影响则不明显;结构性黄土的地震被动土压力系数随b值、构度指标的增大而增大,而随水平地震系数的增大而减小;结构性较大时残余强度计算的地震被动土压力系数较峰值强度大,结构性较小时,两者计算结果接近。     

基于平面应变统一强度公式的结构性黄土填料挡墙地震被动土压力研究

基于结构性黄土不同含水量方形试样的三轴剪切试验,研究了非饱和黄土的残余强度效应和构度与强度参数的关系,引入两种效应修正了平面应变统一强度公式,分析了地震荷载作用下墙后土应力莫尔圆的变化规律,采用水平层分析法,建立了综合考虑中主应力、土结构性、残余强度的黄土填料被动动土压力公式。研究表明:平面应变统一强度公式计算得到的峰值或残余粘聚力和摩擦角随统一强度参数b值增大而增大,结构性对粘聚力的增幅较大,而对摩擦角影响则不明显;结构性黄土的地震被动土压力系数随b值、构度指标的增大而增大,而随水平地震系数的增大而减小;结构性较大时残余强度计算的地震被动土压力系数较峰值强度大,结构性较小时,两者计算结果接近。     

地震荷载作用下顺层岩体边坡变形特征分析

应用二维离散元程序UDEC计算了地震荷载作用下边坡的位移,并将计算结果与Newmark法计算结果及震后现场实测值进行了对比。结果表明,Newmark法计算得到的位移值较实测值偏小,离散元计算得到的位移结果较Newmark法更接近于实测值。在此基础上,初步分析了地震荷载作用下坡高、坡角、岩层倾角等因素对顺层岩体边坡位移的影响规律。由分析结果可知,地震荷载下顺层岩体边坡的位移并不随坡高增加而单调增大,在坡高约100 m时位移达到最大值,坡高超高100 m位移反而有所降低;当坡高超高200 m后,位移随坡高的变化幅度不大,顺层岩体边坡的位移随坡角增加而单调增大。随岩层倾角增加边坡位移明显增大;当岩层倾角大于层面内摩擦角时,随着岩层倾角的增大,边坡变形增长幅度明显增大。     

应变软化边坡渐进破坏及其稳定性初步研究

采用应变软化本构模型和矢量和法,提出了一种模拟应变软化边坡渐进性破坏过程的分析方法。该方法可得到应变软化边坡的坡体材料强度参数、滑面状态、稳定安全系数、边坡破坏状态的变化过程,据此可分析边坡的渐进破坏。采用所提方法对应变软化材料边坡算例进行了分析,并与3种极限平衡法进行了对比,结果表明:(1)滑面矢量和安全系数介于传统极限平衡法峰值安全系数与残余安全系数之间,滑面强度参数部分处于峰值状态、部分处于残余状态,弥补了传统极限平衡法不能得到真实的应变软化边坡安全系数的缺陷。(2)强度参数弱化的区域与边坡破坏区域位置一致,坡脚处滑面最先出现软化,随着塑性剪切破坏的发展,其由软化状态变为残余状态,邻近部分滑面开始出现新的软化,接着进入残余状态,边坡破坏由坡脚向坡顶发展,随着这个过程的持续进行,边坡的渐进性破坏不断发展,边坡安全系数不断降低,直至渐进性破坏过程结束。(3)随着残余软化参数的增加,滑面位置逐渐变浅,矢量和法安全系数逐渐增加。该方法能够较好地分析边坡的渐进性破坏过程,具有较好的应用前景。     

整体刚性面板加筋土挡墙基频影响因素计算分析

作为一种柔性支挡结构,加筋土挡墙相较于传统重力式挡墙具有优越的抗震性能。由于结构在地震等动荷载作用下的动力响应大小与其自身的固有频率大小有关,因此,固有频率的研究显得尤为重要,特别是其最小值基频。以整体刚性面板加筋土挡墙为研究对象,分别用弹性地基梁模型、线性弹簧模型表示面板、填土及筋材,提出了一种加筋土挡墙固有频率计算方法。计算求得的基频值与既有瑞利能量法计算值具有较好的一致性。参数分析表明：填土中铺设筋材可以增大墙体的基频;对于加筋土挡墙,筋材长度以及筋材-填土界面摩擦系数对墙体基频影响较小;随着筋材竖向间距的增大,加筋密度对加筋土挡墙基频的影响逐渐减小;墙体基频随着面板宽度的增大先减小后增大;随着面板模量的减小,墙体基频趋于恒值。     

地震作用下加筋土挡墙水平位移分区计算理论

在地震作用下,加筋土挡墙作为一种柔性结构,常因水平位移过大影响其正常使用,因此,提出一种有效的解析方法来计算加筋土挡墙在地震作用下的水平位移显得尤为重要。基于动力作用下墙后填土的不同运动特性,将地震作用下加筋土挡墙水平位移进行分区计算,并讨论了不同区域影响土体位移的关键因素。分别以Mindlin位移理论和拟动力法为基础,以筋土无相对位移为前提,提出了地震作用下不同区域位移的计算方法,并分析了未考虑筋土相对位移对计算结果的影响。该方法通过离心模型试验得到进一步验证,可用于大多数加筋土挡墙的地震动力分析中,可为加筋土挡墙的动力设计和稳定性分析提供一定的依据。     

Computation of sliding displacements of seawalls under earthquake conditions

To understand the serviceability aspects of seawalls, it is essential to study the permanent displacements of seawalls that occur during the earthquakes. Studies in the existing literature have concentrated on displacements of retaining walls with dry backfills; to the authors’ observation there is no specific analytical investigation devoted to the earthquake-induced displacements of retaining walls with submerged backfills. This paper focuses on sliding displacements of gravity type seawall retaining a submerged backfill under active earth pressure condition during the earthquakes. The threshold seismic acceleration coefficients required for initiation of sliding and the amount of sliding displacement due to seismic loading are calculated by adopting Newmark’s sliding block method. One of the prime features of the study is the estimation of seismic inertia forces in the submerged soil and wall applying the modified pseudo-dynamic method. The comparison of the results obtained using the proposed analytical formulation with the existing literature found to be in good agreement. A comprehensive parametric study has been conducted to understand the effects of different parameters such as seismic horizontal and vertical acceleration coefficients, soil and wall friction angles, width of the wall, wall inclination and excess pore water pressure ratio.

     

A practical method for identifying parameters in the seismic design of embankments

The effect of heterogeneity of soils on a seismic design procedure based on residual displacement according to safety factors is examined. Although soils are heterogeneous in nature, at present the seismic designs of embankments implement the assumption that soils are homogeneous. In this study, a seismic reliability analysis using a Monte Carlo simulation and considering the heterogeneity of soil strength was applied to the Newmark sliding block method. The data of the analysis in this study were based on in-situ soil test results of actual airport embankments. This paper indicates a rational and practical approach to modifying the actual heterogeneous soil conditions into homogeneous design parameters for the Newmark sliding block method in homogeneous ground conditions.     

基于二楔块法的加筋土挡墙屈服加速度及破坏模式极限分析

加筋土挡墙具有优越的抗震性能,并在土建工程中被广泛应用,因此,加筋土挡墙抗震设计方法的研究尤为重要。为了能够分析加筋体内部筋材布置方式、筋材抗拉强度等对屈服加速度的影响,假定破坏模式为双楔块模式,根据极限分析理论推导了加筋土挡墙屈服加速度系数表达式。与规范计算值相比,计算结果更接近模型测试值与数值模拟结果,同时计算方法可以反映模型的真实破坏模式。参数分析表明：屈服加速度随着筋材抗拉强度的增大而增大,特别是筋材长度较长时;随着筋材竖向间距的增大,屈服加速度逐渐减小;面板的宽度对屈服加速度几乎不产生影响;与面板宽度相比,筋材抗拉强度与竖向间距对加筋土挡墙破裂面形状的影响更大。     

Seismic Retrofit of Gravity Retaining Walls for Residential Fills Using Ground Anchors

Failure of several gravity retaining walls in residential areas built on reclaimed land, during the October 23, 2004 Chuetsu earthquake in Niigata Prefecture, Japan, determined the authorities to consider the seismic retrofit of the walls in order to mitigate future similar disasters in the urban environment. This study addresses the effectiveness of ground anchors in improving the seismic performance of such retaining structures through a sliding block analysis of the seismic response of an anchored gravity retaining wall supporting a dry homogeneous fill slope subject to horizontal ground shaking. Sliding failure along the base of the wall and translational failure along a planar slip surface of the active wedge within the fill material behind the wall were considered in the formulation, whereas the anchor load was taken as a line load acting on the face of the gravity retaining wall. The effects of magnitude and orientation of anchor load on the yield acceleration of the wall-backfill system and seismically induced wall displacements were examined. It was found that for the same anchor orientation, the yield acceleration increases in a quasi-linear manner with increasing the anchor load, whereas an anchor load of a given magnitude acting at various orientations produces essentially identical yield accelerations. On the other hand, the computed earthquake-induced permanent displacements of the anchored gravity retaining wall decrease exponentially with increasing magnitude of anchor load. Additionally, the influence of backfill strength properties (e.g., internal friction angle) on the seismic wall displacement appears to diminish considerably for the anchored gravity retaining wall. A dynamic displacement analysis conducted for the anchored gravity retaining wall subjected to various seismic waveforms scaled to the same peak earthquake acceleration revealed a good correlation between the calculated permanent wall displacements and the Arias intensity parameter characterizing the input accelerogram.     

Regression analysis for seismic slope instability based on a double phase viscoplastic sliding model of the rigid block

Semi-empirical models based on Newmark’s sliding block permit the estimation of expected co-seismic displacements in relation to one or more parameters which characterize the ground motion that theoretically caused them. Taking this into consideration, a regression analysis, based on a double-phase viscoplastic (DPV) model, was developed using 96 Italian ground motion accelerograms for a total of 1,448 combinations obtained for different parametric conditions of the indefinite slope model. Repeated stability analysis, performed by means of the DPV model, allows for the assessment of the seismic instability of a slope in relation to different reached behaviour levels, as well as seismically induced permanent displacements. At these behaviour levels, co-seismic increases and possible subsequent decreases of viscoplastic shear strengths are associated. This implies that the post-seismic persistent mobility (collapse) of the slope can be obtained from the computation. On the other hand, coherently with the increasing of shear resistances during fast sliding displacements in clay soils, the seismic-forced displacements result substantially lower than corresponding values obtained by means of the rigorous Newmark’s sliding block. In addition, in relation to some seismic ground motion parameters, regression and functional border and separation curves were obtained with the aim of providing an expeditious seismic slope stability evaluation in reference to the co-seismic and post-seismic behaviour of clayey slopes. Regarding this, the real behaviour of two historical landslide events is discussed in the light of the results of the regression analysis outlined in this work.     

Performance-based assessment of earthquake-induced catastrophic landslide hazard in liquefiable soils

This paper outlines a methodology for evaluating the likelihood of catastrophic landslide occurrence on gentle slopes in liquefiable soils during earthquake. The approach is based on a modified Newmark sliding block model of assessing the earthquake-induced undrained landslide displacements for conditions of no shear stress reversals on the sliding surface. By employing the shear resistance-displacement relationship from undrained monotonic ring shear tests, the simulation model incorporates the sensitivity of computed displacements to variations in yield acceleration. The proposed approach involves an examination of undrained seismic slope performance under various horizontal seismic waveforms scaled to different specific values of the peak earthquake acceleration. An example problem illustrates how the proposed methodology may be used to demarcate, based on the magnitude of permanent seismic displacement, the levels of low, moderate and high risk of catastrophic landslide on a gentle slope in a saturated cohesionless soil susceptible to liquefaction during earthquake.     

L型挡土墙滑裂面确定方法与地震稳定性分析

提出了L型挡土墙两种破坏模式,即长踵板式和短踵板式,且破坏模式受几何参数和物理力学参数影响。研究了两种破坏模式下L型挡土墙滑裂面确定方法和地震稳定性问题,界定了两种破坏模式的临界条件。考虑第二、第三滑裂面产生条件,应用极限分析运动学原理,建立地震荷载作用下L型挡土墙临界状态方程,推导出地震加速度系数表达式。根据极值原理,给出最优解,从而计算得到临界屈服加速度系数及其对应的滑裂面倾角。通过算例分析可知：临界屈服加速度系数小于M-O公式法,长踵板式L型挡土墙滑裂面倾角与坦墙判别公式结果相同,且滑裂面之间的夹角等于90o-φ,即与滑移线场的结论相同。短踵板式L型挡土墙滑裂面夹角近似等于90o-φ。     

Permanent seismic deformation analysis of a landslide

A failed slope may not necessarily require a remedial treatment if it can be shown with confidence that the maximum movement of the slide mass will be within tolerable limits, i.e., not cause loss of life or property. A permanent displacement analysis of a landslide for static and seismic conditions is presented using a continuum mechanics approach. Computed values of displacement for static conditions compare favorably with field measurements and computed values of seismic displacements for a postulated earthquake motion appear reasonable. Also, the seismic displacements using the continuum mechanics approach compare favorably with those obtained using the Newmark sliding block procedure for assessing seismically-induced slope deformations.     

考虑强度退化效应的堤坝抗震稳定性评价方法

考虑土的动强度随振动孔隙压力上升的衰减效应,将拟静力极限平衡分析和滑动体位移分析相结合,提出了堤坝抗震稳定性评价方法.首先,基于土工动力有限元分析,确定坝坡潜在滑动土体的平均加速度时程,进而,基于拟静力概念,采用极限平衡分析,确定坝坡的安全系数随时间的变化历程,其中当安全系数瞬时小于1时,表明坝坡在地震中处于瞬时超载状态,采用Newmark刚体滑块模型估算瞬时超载所产生的滑动位移,将各个超载阶段的滑动位移叠加,求得设计地震动作用下堤坝边坡的累积滑移量,根据这种方法所进行的数值计算与分析表明,考虑强度循环退化效应后所得到的坝坡滑移量更为合理.