重庆市顺层岩质边坡分布规律及边坡稳定性影响研究

以重庆市9区顺层斜边坡稳定性调查评价成果为基础,对重庆市区内的顺层边坡进行了统计,使用MapGIS软件将顺层边坡叠加在地形图中,研究了重庆市顺层边坡的空间分布规律,并对顺层岩质边坡的稳定性进行了研究。研究结果表明:重庆市顺层边坡呈带状分布,与人类工程活动关系密切,区内顺层边坡有3种类型,且均较为发育;顺层边坡受岩层倾角、边坡坡角、边坡坡高和层间摩擦角、层间黏聚力等因素的控制明显,而与岩层厚度、岩体强度参数、岩体弹性模量、岩体黏聚力、岩体弹性模量的关系不明显。     

顺层岩质边坡锚杆拉剪作用力学性能

锚杆能够显著增强顺层岩质边坡的稳定性.基于顺层边坡结构效应,应用锚杆加固顺层边坡的力学模型,根据结构力学理论和变形协调关系,建立拉剪作用下全长粘结型锚杆加固顺层边坡抗剪计算的理论分析方法.与相关试验数据进行了比较验证,结果表明顺层边坡锚固抗力模型计算结果与试验结果比较一致,验证了理论模型的合理性.讨论了锚杆倾角、锚杆直径、灌浆体强度、结构面内摩擦角、剪胀角等对加锚顺层岩体抗剪性能的影响.分析表明:锚杆锚固抗力模型能够较好地反映锚杆轴力及横向剪切力对顺层岩质边坡的抗剪作用.锚杆倾角越大,锚杆总的抗力呈减小趋势,而锚杆抗力随剪胀角增大而增加;当锚杆倾角等于内摩擦角时,锚杆抗力达到最大;锚杆抗力随锚杆直径增加而增大;当锚杆直径不变时,锚杆抗力随灌浆体抗压强度增大而有所减小.      

山区公路边坡岩体结构特征及其对边坡稳定性影响浅析

在对西南山区多条在建高速公路边坡岩体结构特征的调查的基础上,针对不同岩性组合形式和结构面组合特征进行统计分析。结果表明,边坡稳定性因软、硬岩的组合方式不同差异很大;反向边坡的失稳概率随岩层倾角增大而增大;顺向边坡破坏的概率随坡角与岩层倾角之差的增大而增大,而当岩层倾角大于60°时,边坡破坏概率明显降低。     

层状岩质边坡遍布节理模型的三维稳定性分析

采用遍布节理模型（ubiquitous-joint模型）描述层状岩体的各向异性特征,并探讨ubiquitous-joint准则中安全系数的计算方法,利用FLAC3D分析层理倾角、倾向与边坡稳定性之间的关系,结果表明：（1）对于顺层边坡,当岩层倾向与坡面倾向的夹角 较小时,边坡的安全系数随层理倾角 的增大呈现先减小后增大再减小的趋势; 20°～30°时,安全系数得到最小值, 60°时安全系数得到最大值;不同破坏型式导致安全系数变化规律之间的差异;当 较大时,曲线从先减小后增大的趋势转变为不断增大的趋势;根据 的大小将顺层边坡分为两类：当 45°时,为严格顺层边坡;当45° 90°时,为斜向层状边坡。（2）对于逆层边坡,当 45°时,曲线呈现先增大再减小然后又增大的趋势,各曲线随 的变化程度基本相同;但减小过程中,随着 的增大,曲线的斜率逐渐减小,边坡稳定性的各向异性程度减小;当 45°时,曲线随 的增大呈现非线性单调递增的趋势。（3）安全系数与 之间的关系表明,对于顺层坡,随着 的增大,边坡安全系数逐渐增大;对于逆层坡,当 较小时( 150°),边坡安全系数随 的增大而逐渐减小;随着 的增大( 120°),边坡安全系数与 呈现递增关系。     

顺层岩质边坡稳定性影响因素分析

层状岩体抗剪强度具有各向异性的特点,在分析顺层岩质边坡的稳定性与剪切滑动面方向上需要考虑 值方向性变化的影响。首先提出层状岩体 值的表达式,然后在此基础上选用一顺层边坡作为实例,分别计算分析了坡高、岩层面倾角、坡顶堆载特别是强度参数 值各向异性对边坡稳定以及剪切面方向的影响。     

层状反倾-顺倾边坡倾倒变形形成条件及发育规模特征

以往研究中倾倒变形研究在反倾边坡较多而在顺倾边坡中很少,对两种不同结构的边坡形成倾倒体的异同点更是存在较多空白。在总结大量倾倒体实例基础上,对层状反倾和顺倾边坡倾倒变形形成条件及发育规模特征进行了详细研究。结果表明,顺倾边坡若发生倾倒,通常表现为坡高 100 m,边坡坡角 35°,岩层倾角 60°,岩性为薄层或薄层与中层互层的软岩、软硬相间的岩石;反倾边坡当坡角 30°及岩层倾角 30°就可能发生倾倒,其岩性为薄层～中厚层状的软岩、硬岩及具有似层状结构的坚硬岩石均可;提出层状岩质边坡“倾倒临界倾角 ”的概念,对于顺倾边坡, 60°,当 时边坡将可能产生倾倒破坏,当 时边坡通常产生顺层面的“滑移-弯曲”或“滑移-拉裂”型破坏;反倾边坡 30°,当 时边坡才可能演化成明显倾倒变形,当 时边坡不会倾倒或倾倒不明显;对于地质条件基本相同而坡体结构不同的两种边坡,反倾边坡形成的倾倒体无论是发育分布面积还是倾倒深度通常是大于顺倾边坡的,而且一旦形成倾倒体,二者的规模通常是深层的、大型或特大型的;倾倒体的分布面积和倾倒深度均呈现一种随坡高的增加而增加的趋势,坡高 250 m时其分布面积和倾倒深度表现为陡然增加,并且反倾边坡增加幅度大于顺倾边坡。     

地震荷载下危岩运动特征的模拟研究

西南地区地形复杂,位于地震高发区域。为了进一步研究该区域地震作用下落石的运动特征,以我国九寨沟景区内荷叶寨后山危岩带2为例。首先研究危岩带2中单一危岩体在自重荷载下的失稳情况,分别采用RocFall和非连续变形分析方法(DDA)进行模拟,结果表明:DDA和RocFall的模拟结果相近。DDA中落石水平位移模拟结果为210.6 m,RocFall中大部分落石水平位移分布在205 m附近。鉴于RocFall的局限性,采用DDA方法继续研究地震作用下危岩体的密度、高度、体积和地震波峰值加速度等因素对落石运动特征如运动轨迹、水平位移和速度的影响规律,并监测落石在坡脚附近的最大弹跳高度。研究结果表明:(1)危岩带2所处边坡自然坡角范围为65°~75°,落石在坡面上加速,在高程约2292 m(与居民区相对高差约为132 m)处发生抛射,运动方式以滚动、碰撞、弹跳为主;(2)岩体软弱结构面的贯通时间随落石密度、体积以及地震波峰值加速度增大而减小;(3)峰值速度随边坡高度、体积及地震波峰值加速度增大而增大;(4)水平位移随落石密度、边坡高度及地震波峰值加速度增大而增大;(5)坡脚处落石最大弹跳高度随各因素变量增大而增大。继续研究内部存在节理裂隙的岩体(3条平行节理将危岩分为K1~K4部分)在地震荷载下的运动特征:(1)在地震荷载作用下,危岩沿节理面发生倾倒破坏,落石水平位移模拟结果为191.5~243.8 m;(2)落石在坡脚附近的最大弹跳高度范围为0~13.8 m。     

顺倾边坡岩层滑移弯曲临界长度及其影响因素分析

基于顺倾边坡岩层滑移弯曲的弹性微分方程及其精确解,应用能量原理建立了岩层滑移弯曲失稳的临界长度计算式,归纳出主要影响因素,并应用优势分析法探讨了各影响因素的主次关系。分析结果表明：岩层单层厚度、滑移面力学性质、岩体弹性模量和坡角是影响顺倾边坡岩层滑移弯曲的主要因素,其影响程度由大到小依次为岩层单层厚度、滑移面的力学性质、岩层倾角和弹性模量。     

含顺层断续节理岩质边坡地震作用下的破坏模式与动力响应研究

基于二维颗粒流软件PFC2D的人工合成岩体技术（SRM）,研究了岩桥倾角和节理间距不同组合形式的含顺层断续节理岩质边坡在地震作用下的破坏模式与动力响应规律。研究结果显示：在地震动力作用下,含单潜在滑动面的顺层断续节理岩质边坡呈现出滑移-倾倒的混合破坏特征,含多潜在滑动面的顺层断续节理岩质边坡则主要发生倾倒破坏;由顺层断续节理以及岩桥交替连接所组成的潜在滑动面是控制边坡动力稳定性的关键因素。在地震动力作用下,最靠近坡脚的岩桥段首先萌生翼裂纹,使得拉应力得到释放,随后各节理相继萌生裂纹并扩展、贯通,最终导致坡体发生阶梯状整体失稳。裂纹扩展受顺层断续节理控制,萌生裂纹中以张拉裂纹为主,且裂纹数量与输入地震波的加速度曲线具有同步性。另一方面,节理面的存在对边坡动力响应产生明显影响,沿坡表以及沿水平方向上的峰值速度、峰值位移随着岩桥倾角的增大、节理间距的减小而增大,同时节理间距和岩桥倾角对于峰值加速度（PGA）放大系数的影响范围主要集中在坡表、坡肩;沿竖直方向上,峰值位移随着岩桥倾角、节理间距的增大而减小,PGA放大系数曲线随高程变化总体呈现U型分布特征。     

层状岩体边坡动态稳定性拟静力上限分析

将强度折减技术与极限分析上限定理结合,利用安全系数Fs评定指标对层状岩体边坡进行稳定性上限分析,与已有研究成果进行了对比分析,并较为详细地分析了相关参数对层状岩体坡体安全系数和潜在破裂面的影响。分析结果表明,与同类计算方法的对比可以证明表明文中方法的正确性;边坡安全系数和破坏范围受边坡坡度、岩体重度、边坡高度、动载效应系数和岩层倾角的控制;当岩层倾角处于一定范围时,层状岩体边坡发生顺层失稳的可能性最大,工程中需特别注意。     

Permanent seismic deformation analysis of a landslide

A failed slope may not necessarily require a remedial treatment if it can be shown with confidence that the maximum movement of the slide mass will be within tolerable limits, i.e., not cause loss of life or property. A permanent displacement analysis of a landslide for static and seismic conditions is presented using a continuum mechanics approach. Computed values of displacement for static conditions compare favorably with field measurements and computed values of seismic displacements for a postulated earthquake motion appear reasonable. Also, the seismic displacements using the continuum mechanics approach compare favorably with those obtained using the Newmark sliding block procedure for assessing seismically-induced slope deformations.     

Influence of strong motion characteristics on permanent displacement of slopes

Landslides triggered by moderate to major earthquakes are a recognized seismic hazard. Arias Intensity (I _a) is a key intensity measure of the ground motion, but significant duration is widely used to define strong motion duration. We calculate Newmark’s displacements using earthquake records bracketing a broad range of Arias Intensity and significant duration employing Newmark’s rigid block method and a number of yield accelerations. Total landslide displacement increases with the increase in the energy content of the ground motion (I _a) above a threshold. Such threshold may be expressed as a function of yield acceleration of the slope regardless of the ground motion characteristics. Newmark displacement decreases with increasing duration for earthquakes with similar energy content. The wide scatter in the results converges when using formal dimensional analysis. Self-similar symmetry may facilitate the assessment of the performance of slopes during earthquakes. The mathematical framework for probabilistic determination of landslides displacement may be a useful aid to estimate the likelihood of landslide hazards provided that the geotechnical properties of the slopes are known.     

A simplified approach for studying the influence of vertical accelerations on seismic response of slopes

ABSTRACT

A simplified approach is presented for estimating permanent displacements in slopes as a result of both vertical and horizontal seismic accelerations. A study of 52 earthquake records showed that the time difference between maximum horizontal and vertical accelerations varied between 0 and 10.3 s. The approach is illustrated for an earth dam embankment by analysing the effects of five of the above earthquake records. The approach combines a pseudo-static slope stability analysis for estimation of the critical (or yield) horizontal-vertical acceleration combinations, and a Newmark type displacement analysis. Guidelines are presented for conservative choice of soil strength parameters of saturated clays for use in the stability analysis. While permanent displacements of up to 40 cm were predicted without considering the vertical acceleration component, no additional displacement above 3.5 cm resulted when this component was included. The predicted additional displacement was consistently less than 10%, and in 50% of the analyses, vertical acceleration led to smaller predicted displacements. The simple approach may be applied in analysis for any slope using real earthquake records. Using existing, empirical expressions for permanent displacement, based only on horizontal accelerations, the effect of the vertical accelerations may be conservatively estimated by increasing the displacement by 10%.     

Development of shallow seismic landslide potential map based on Newmark’s displacement: the case study of Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan

With the development of the geographic information system (GIS), the analysis of regional slope stability under seismic loading has evolved rapidly in recent years. In many studies, the Newmark’s method is used for the computation of displacements triggered by an earthquake on a single slope, while for regional analysis, the infinite slope theory is frequently used due to its simplicity when large amount of computations are required. In this research, the infinite slope theory was examined considering various seismic conditions, material properties, and slope geometry to verify the suitability of the method when applied to regional analysis and development of potential shallow landslide maps. The landslide cases induced by Chi-Chi earthquake in central Taiwan were used in this study for verification. It was found that the infinite slope theory is valid for regional analysis when used with discretion. Based on the calculated Newmark’s displacement and combining the GIS technique, procedures for the potential map development are established in this study.     

地震作用下顺层岩质边坡动力响应和破坏模式大型振动台试验研究

5•12汶川大地震触发了大量的顺层岩质滑坡,对其进行研究很有必要。根据动力模型试验的相似关系,设计制作了1个坡角大于岩层倾角的尺寸(高×长×宽)为1.6 m×1.75 m×0.8 m的顺层模型边坡,并完成了大型振动台试验。试验结果表明,在坡体表面和内部竖直方向上,加速度放大系数随着坡体高程增加而增大,并且随着高程增加,加速度放大系数增大的速度加快;在坡体内同一高程上,坡面处的加速度放大系数大于一定水平深度坡体内部的加速度放大系数,表现出趋表效应;地震波输入频率对坡体动力响应有明显影响,随着频率的增加,越接近坡体的自振频率,加速度放大效应越显著;加速度放大系数随着输入波振幅的增加,总体上表现为递减趋势;通过和均质边坡振动台试验加速度监测数据对比,发现坡体结构对坡体加速度放大系数也有一定的影响,结构面对地震波的反射和折射作用加大了坡体加速度的放大效应。,对试验过程中坡体破坏特征的描述和分析发现,边坡的破坏模式为地震诱发－坡肩拉裂张开－坡面中部出现裂缝－裂缝贯通－发生高位滑坡－转化为碎屑流－堆积坡脚。研究成果对地震灾区滑坡形成机制的认识和减灾防灾有一定的价值。     

基于Newmark模型的天水市北山地震黄土滑坡危险性评价

本文通过天水市北山野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,开展基于Newmark累积位移法的地震黄土滑坡危险性分析。分析了研究区的孕灾背景,结合现有滑坡和不稳定斜坡的调查数据,在充分考虑了震源方位角和斜坡坡向角的角度关系基础上,对优势坡向角和劣势坡向角下的斜坡易发性进行分析计算,然后用回归方程求出PGA为0.3 g时斜坡的累积位移,最后计算出斜坡在地震荷载下的失稳概率。在此基础上,对北山进行地震黄土滑坡的危险性评价。分析结果表明:在Newmark模型的地震黄土滑坡危险性评估中引入斜坡坡向角和震源方位角关系,有利于提高小区域(大比例尺)风险评估的准确性。     

小坡度海底土层地震液化诱发滑移分析方法

地震可使海底砂质、粉质土层液化并导致上部土层的滑移。基于有效应力有限元动力分析方法和Newmark刚性滑块理论,提出了一种计算海底小坡度（≤5o）土层地震液化引起侧向滑移的简化方法。该方法将波浪荷载简化为海底恒定的上覆压力和初始孔压,忽略了海水粘性对海底土层地震反应的影响,利用改进的Seed孔压模型进行动力分析和液化判别,用Newmark滑块理论计算了土层侧向滑移。通过算例和对比分析,研究了海水深度和土层坡度对侧向滑移的影响,表明该方法的有效性,可为近海工程场地地震地质灾害评价提供参考数据。     

Dynamic Response of Sandy Slope Under Coupling of Earthquake and Groundwater

Based on dynamic elastic–plastic time history analysis method, dynamic responses of sandy slope in different groundwater levels are studied under near field earthquakes and far field earthquakes. The results show that the accelerations of the slope decrease with the increasing of groundwater levels, which demonstrates that the existence of groundwater damps vibration. The accelerations have different laws along the height of the slope under far field and near field earthquakes, however, the maximum values all appear at the top of the slope. The maximum horizontal displacement of the slope increases with the increasing of groundwater levels. The influence of far field earthquake on the deformation of slope toe is greater, while the influence of near field earthquake on the deformation of the slope top is greater. Thus, the top and the toe of the slope should be protected as the key position under earthquakes. The influence of high groundwater level on stability of the slope is more serious, and the safety factor calculated by pseudo-static method in slope seismic code will be lower for the slope in the high groundwater level.     

Performance-based assessment of earthquake-induced catastrophic landslide hazard in liquefiable soils

This paper outlines a methodology for evaluating the likelihood of catastrophic landslide occurrence on gentle slopes in liquefiable soils during earthquake. The approach is based on a modified Newmark sliding block model of assessing the earthquake-induced undrained landslide displacements for conditions of no shear stress reversals on the sliding surface. By employing the shear resistance-displacement relationship from undrained monotonic ring shear tests, the simulation model incorporates the sensitivity of computed displacements to variations in yield acceleration. The proposed approach involves an examination of undrained seismic slope performance under various horizontal seismic waveforms scaled to different specific values of the peak earthquake acceleration. An example problem illustrates how the proposed methodology may be used to demarcate, based on the magnitude of permanent seismic displacement, the levels of low, moderate and high risk of catastrophic landslide on a gentle slope in a saturated cohesionless soil susceptible to liquefaction during earthquake.     

地震作用下堆积体边坡的坡面变形与失稳机制

地震作用下堆积体边坡的动力响应特性十分复杂,单一抗震安全系数不足以评价其动力稳定性。通过大型振动台试验,研究了连续多级地震荷载作用下,地震波的类型、卓越频率及峰值加速度对堆积体边坡坡面永久位移的影响,并初步分析其失稳机制。试验结果表明,相同峰值加速度下振动型地震波比冲击型地震波更容易产生坡面永久位移,地震波卓越频率对坡面永久位移也有重要影响;堆积体边坡在峰值加速度apeak=0.2g时开始有大颗粒石砾滚落,对应的坡面永久位移在apeak=0.2g～0.3g之间开始产生并显著增大,另外利用考虑坡面几何形态变化的改进Newmark法对坡顶的永久位移进行了估算。通过坡面永久位移评价堆积体边坡的动力稳定性有一定合理性。