建筑形体对住宅单元日照环境影响

根据建筑日照理论,对L形和凹形两种常见的建筑形体中不同位置的住宅单元的日照进行了计算,分析了建筑形体自身对住宅单元日照环境的遮挡作用.     

日照观测的天文原理浅析

暗筒式日照计影印太阳在天球上每一恒星日内作周日运动(白昼)之轨迹,犹如对地球绕轴由西向东自转(真运动)而显示的表面现象作摄影。日照观测,从理论迹线的计算,对实际显影轨迹的检验,到仪器安置规程及偏差分析,概以天文理论     

日照迹线位置移动原理和软件设计

根据地球自转和绕太阳公转轨迹规律,分析了黄赤交角、太阳赤纬、经度和太阳高度角对日照迹线形成的影响,解释了春分、秋分、夏至、冬至几个具有代表性日期日照迹线形成的规律,阐述了暗筒式日照计日照迹线位置随季节变化的原理。地球运动轨迹固定,以地球作为参照物,地球相对静止,太阳围绕地球转,太阳光在无任何遮挡的情况下,每日的日照迹线可严格求出。用严谨的理论依据,导出日照迹线公式,并设计出软件,每日日照迹线可任意全真显示。     

测定日照时数的仪器

一、一般情况地面气象台站测量日照时数以小时为单位,取一位小数。世界气象组织l971年颁发的《气象仪器和观测指南》(第四版)中,推荐了四种日照观测仪器:(a)康培司托克(聚焦式)日照计,这种日照计是利用太阳     

台站遮挡对日照观测数据的一致性影响与订正方法研究

利用台站观测场周围360°遮挡仰角和云量观测数据,分析了台站遮挡对日照观测数据的一致性影响,从太阳高度角和遮挡物仰角的相对关系、云对遮挡比例的修正两个方面,建立了云天气象条件下台站遮挡日照时数的订正方法。以重庆巫山站为例,对2004—2013年期间有严重遮挡情况下的日照时数进行了遮挡计算和订正,通过遮挡期间及前、后两个未遮挡时段的纵向对比,以及与地形和气候条件相近的湖北建始站的同期横向对比,对订正效果进行了检验,结果表明:巫山站观测场周围遮挡物影响了日照时数观测,使观测数据前后产生明显的不一致;2004—2013年期间平均被遮挡的日照时数为218.0 h·a~(-1),遮挡比例达13.1%,受天气条件的对冲影响,夏半年遮挡影响可能高于冬半年;从纵向和横向两个方面的间接对比检验看,本文所建立的订正方法既计算了遮挡物自身的影响,又考虑了云天条件下对遮挡比例的修正,订正结果基本合理,可以相对准确地还原被遮挡的日照时数。     

冬季不同天空状况下三种日照测量仪器比较

利用林芝国家基准站冬季(2018年12月—2019年2月),CHP1型太阳直接辐射传感器、DFC2型光电式数字日照计、暗筒式日照计3种仪器,在不同天空状况下的测量值,分类进行对比分析。结果表明:3种仪器测量值对比绝对偏差和相对偏差,直接辐射传感器测量值在阴云、多云、晴天比暗筒式日照计低。从大到小的顺序为晴天阴云多云。DFC2型光电式数字日照计仅"晴天"测量值比暗筒式日照计高,其余则低。从大到小顺序为晴天多云阴云;3种仪器测量值可以相互替代,取消人工观测仪器后,日照资料可以合并使用。     

SONI日照计

联邦德国气象局为自动记录日照时间,设计了一种狭缝式日照计。仪器的实验样机于1977年制成,现已正式投产,产品称sONI日照计。测量时,狭缝旋转,对整个天空半球扫描,感测入射太阳直接辐射的辐照度;架设对,传感器不须对准某个特定的方向,也不必考虑纬度问题。     

准确记录日照时数应注意的几个问题

目前 ,各基层气象台站所使用的日照计均为暗筒式日照计。这种仪器可利用太阳光在涂有感光药剂的日照纸上留下感光迹线来测量日照时数 ,笔者在统计日照时数时 ,有时发现当天的太阳光照时间与其实有日照时数不符的异常情况。本文在假定日照测量仪安装无误的前提下 ,仅从气象观测员在观测日照时数时所依据的有关操作规范出发 ,指出了准确观测日照时数应注意的若干问题。1　日照时数观测中应注意的若干问题1 .1　日照迹线起止时刻的辨认日照迹线的开始和终止时刻的准确辨认是保证日照时数统计无误的关键。而在一些特殊天气条件下对其迹线的开始…     

弱光时怎样准确计算日照时数

日出日落、云层遮挡或垂直能见度较差时 ,太阳光线较弱 ,照在日照纸上的迹线较淡 ,若不仔细分辨 ,很容易漏掉 ,但若把浸泡后的日照纸迎光而看 ,这部分迹线就可显而易见。弱光时怎样准确计算日照时数@李倩倩$孟津县气象局!河南孟津471100     

日照时数大于可照时数的原因

台站使用的暗筒式日照计,是利用通过仪器上的小孔射入筒内的太阳光在日照纸上留下的感光迹线计算日照时数的。上午和下午的日照迹线应是对称的两条曲线。可照时数是太阳中心从出现在一地的东方地平线到进入西方地平线,其直线光线在无地物、云、雾等任何遮蔽的条件下,照射到地面所经历的时间。因此,日照时数应＜可照时数。然而,在审核或检查台站的记录时,却发现有日照时数＞可照时数（或半天日照时数＞半天可照时数）的现象。这往往是观测员在感光迹线的开始（或终止）处向前（或向后）多划铅笔线所造成。由于早上和傍晚太阳光线较弱,…     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on