都匀雷达ROSE2.0一次强对流天气过程应用检验

针对黔南州2022年4月24日午后到夜间的一次强对流天气过程,利用实况资料和都匀雷达ROSE2.0在短时强降水、冰雹、雷暴大风方面的监测和预警产品对比检验,结合本地短时临近预报业务应用效果分析,发现：受地形影响都匀雷达ROSE2.0估计降水在大雨以下量级表现较好,但对暴雨以上量级估计值偏小,没有明显短时强降水报警体现,本地化应用门限值降低约3成左右设置更为合理;都匀雷达ROSE2.0对冰雹预警落区指示和命中率较高,但时间提前量平均仅9分钟,对雷暴大风预警仍然有难度,剖面图分析能更好地识别雷暴大风指标。另外,雷达ROSE2.0软件强天气预警算法得到进一步优化,应融入一体化平台等快速支撑预警业务应用。     

一次初夏冰雹天气过程的新一代天气雷达产品特征剖析

针对四川盆地绵阳市梓潼县今年初夏首场区域性强对流冰雹天气过程,从新一代天气雷达产品的分析入手,剖析了强对流冰雹天气过程中雷达产品的特征,分析表明:四川盆地西北部的初夏冰雹天气过程是由强度达65 dBz的勾状强回波产生,冰雹云回波在对流层低层具有垂直伸展厚度不大的强辐合特征.VAD风廓线、回波顶高、垂直液态水含量与冰雹天气的产生在时、空定位上有明显的对应关系.     

WSR/98D与WSR-81S天气雷达应用对比分析

通过对两次冰雹天气过程的两部天气雷达产品的对比分析,表明WSR/98D产品精细、准确,对弱回波探测能力强,在揭示由海风锋造成的强对流冰雹天气的生成演变机制上明显优于WSR-81S.文章还从信息获取原理以及资料加工等方面剖析了WSR/98D的优越性.将新一代天气雷达与旧的业务雷达进行对比分析,比较其探测的优越性.     

甘肃罕见冰雹天气过程个例分析

针对2005年5月30日甘肃区域性罕见冰雹天气过程,结合天气实况、环流形势以及环境场特征,利用卫星云图和新一代天气雷达产品资料,分析了这次强冰雹天气过程的影响系统、云图和雷达回波演变过程,得到了冰雹云在雷达强度回波、速度回波和卫星云图中的特征,揭示了这次强冰雹不是带状冰雹云系移到本地产生的,而是发展成中口尺度（MβCS）的中尺度对流系统造成的。同时,得出了一些做好冰雹预报预警量化指标。     

一次初夏冰雹天气过程的新一代天气雷达产品特征剖析

针对四川盆地绵阳市梓潼县今年初夏首场区域性强对流冰雹天气过程,从新一代天气雷达产品的分析入手,剖析了强对流冰雹天气过程中雷达产品的特征,分析表明:四川盆地西北部的初夏冰雹天气过程是由强度达65dBz的勾状强回波产生,冰雹云回波在对流层低层具有垂直伸展厚度不大的强辐合特征。VAD风廓线、回波顶高、垂直液态水含量与冰雹天气的产生在时、空定位上有明显的对应关系。     

文山州两次强冰雹天气的环流背景和雷达产品对比分析

该文通过对2012年8月5日和2012年8月12日2次强冰雹天气的天气背景及多普勒雷达回波强度、径向速度、垂直液态水含量、冰雹指数等雷达产品的对比分析,总结出在大范围水汽条件不是很有利的环流背景下,文山州8月冰雹天气在多普勒雷达产品上的表现特征和一些定量指标:回波强度≥55 dBz、≥50dBz的强回波垂直伸展高度≥6 km,垂直液态水含量VIL≥25 kg/m2时,容易产生冰雹天气,注意发布强对流天气预警;强对流降雹天气与逆风区和风的辐合有关,超级单体所在区域均对应着逆风区或是辐合线;冰雹指数产品对冰雹预报有很好的指示作用,降雹概率和强降雹概率达到100%时发布冰雹预警,但是冰雹最大直径与实况偏大,只能作为参考。     

一次初夏冰雹天气过程的新一代雷达产品特征剖析

针对四川盆地绵阳市梓潼县今年初夏首场区域性强对流冰雹天气过程，从新一代天气雷达产品的分析入手，剖析了强对流冰雹天气过程中雷达产品的特征，分析表明：四川盆地西北部的初夏冰雹天气过程是由强度达65dBz的勾状强回波产生，冰雹云回波在对流层低层具有垂直伸展厚度不大的强辐合特征。VAD风廓线、回波顶高、垂直液态水含量与冰雹天气的产生在时、空定位上有明显的对应关系。     

黔西南州冰雹与暴雨天气雷达回波特征分析

兴义新一代天气雷达运行两年来,观测到多次冰雹、暴雨天气过程,对其中几次典型个例作分析得出兴义地区冰雹与暴雨天气过程的雷达回波特征。冰雹的雷达回波移动速度快,而暴雨的雷达回波移动速度缓慢;冰雹回波强中心高度高,达8Km以上,暴雨回波强中心高度在7Km以下;通过对回波径向速度图的分析,可以得出冰雹与暴雨的动力结构有着明显的差异。     

喀什地区“8.11”冰雹过程雷达探测分析

利用常规气象探测资料和多普勒天气雷达产品,对 2011年 8月 11 日在喀什发生的一强冰雹天气过程,从天气形势、雷达回波演变特征等几个方面进行了综合分析。结果表明: 这次冰雹天气出现在对流不稳定层结条件下,0 ℃层和 －20 ℃层的高度适宜。多普勒雷达能很好地监测冰雹天气的发生发展演变过程,＞ 70 dBZ 强回波区和悬垂结构及逆风区的出现,垂直累积液态含水量( VIL) 增加等都对冰雹天气的出现具有指示意义,对今后的防雹减灾工作有较好的应用价值。     

滇东南强对流天气雷达回波特征分析

通过对强对流天气典型个例的分析,得到滇东南强对流天气的一些雷达回波特征。冰雹、雷雨大风天气过程强回波高度高,达6~8Km,而暴雨、大暴雨天气过程强回波高度仅3~4Km;冰雹、雷雨大风强对流天气的雷达回波移动速度快,而局地暴雨、大暴雨的雷达回波移动速度缓慢或停滞。冰雹、雷雨大风和暴雨天气的产生与多普勒径向速度场上的逆风区或辐合流场的发生发展密切相关。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.