利用先验重力场模型对GOCE卫星重力梯度观测值进行校准分析

GOCE卫星任务搭载了高灵敏度的重力梯度仪,其观测值用于恢复高精度高分辨率的地球重力场。本文利用EIGEN-5C、EGM2008、GOTIM3、GGM03S高精度全球重力场模型,确定了GOCE引力梯度张量的对角分量观测值(Vxx、Vyy、Vzz)的校准参数,分析了比例因子的稳定性,并讨论了相同模型不同阶次、同阶次不同模型以及是否估计漂移参数对比例因子、偏差参数及校准观测值的影响。研究表明比例因子的稳定性在10-4的量级,利用250阶的EIGEN-5C模型和EGM2008模型校准得到观测值的差异小于10-4 E,远远小于观测误差,以1d为周期估计校准参数时,是否估计漂移对校准结果的影响达到0.4E。同时,校准前后观测值差异的频谱说明校准过程主要影响Vxx、Vyy、Vzz观测值的低频部分,即来自先验重力场模型的中低(150)阶次,考虑到GOCE引力梯度的观测频带,校准后的观测值可用于恢复中高频的重力场信号。     

GOCE卫星重力梯度观测值的时变重力场变化改正及影响分析

GOCE卫星重力梯度观测值为高阶静态重力场反演提供了重要的数据支撑,但其在使用前需考虑扣除时变重力场变化的影响.本文研究了GOCE卫星重力梯度观测值的时变重力场变化改正方法,更新了ESA标准和背景模型,以更好地扣除时变重力场变化的影响,自主实现了由GOCE卫星Level1b重力梯度数据直接进行重力场反演.本文通过3种时变重力场变化改正方案分析了其对高阶静态重力场反演的影响,研究结果表明:从全球大地水准面差异看,时变重力场变化改正对重力场反演是有影响的,其在局部区域对大地水准面的影响值最大可超过1 cm,说明利用GOCE卫星重力梯度数据反演高阶静态重力场时需扣除时变重力场变化改正,同时新标准和背景模型更有利于扣除时变重力场变化的影响.     

海洋潮汐对卫星重力梯度观测数据的影响分析

采用CSR4.0、TPXO7.2和FES2004三个不同海潮模型计算了2009年11月1日至2009年12月1日海洋潮汐对GOCE卫星重力梯度观测数据的影响,其影响量级都处于0.1m E,比GOCE卫星设计精度(3.2m E)略低,但其为有色噪声源,因此,必须在数据预处理中考虑这一部分的影响。除此之外,分析了三个不同海潮模型对地球重力场位系数的影响,三者对10阶以下位系数影响存在较大的差异,说明目前海潮模型之间还存在较大的差异,海潮模型的精度仍然需要提高。     

天文潮汐对卫星重力梯度观测数据的影响分析

测定地球重力场,确定高分辨率的静态地球重力场模型,是大地测量学的主要任务之一.重力场的影响主要分为潮汐部分和非潮汐部分,天文潮汐在潮汐部分中属于直接引力效应,对重力场的影响是不可忽略的.本文以一个月的星历数据为基础,分析了天文潮汐对GOCE卫星重力梯度观测数据的影响,并统计了最大值和最小值;研究了天文潮汐对地球上单点重力梯度数据的影响特征;计算了各行星对卫星重力梯度数据影响量级.研究结果表明:天文潮汐对卫星重力梯度数据的影响量级处于0.1mE,比GOCE卫星设计精度低一个量级,但是它具有周期性,属于有色噪声,因此在卫星重力梯度数据预处理中需要扣除;天文潮汐对卫星重力梯度数据各分量的影响不同,其中对角线分量Vxx,Vyy和Vzz要比其他分量略大;月球和太阳对卫星重力梯度数据的影响最大,在所有星体中占据主导地位.     

联合高低卫-卫跟踪和卫星重力梯度数据恢复地球重力场的谱组合法

GOCE采用的高低卫-卫跟踪和卫星重力梯度测量技术在恢复重力场方面各有所长并互为补充,如何有效利用这两类观测数据最优确定地球重力场是GOCE重力场反演的关键问题。本文研究了联合高低卫-卫跟踪和卫星重力梯度数据恢复地球重力场的最小二乘谱组合法,基于球谐分析方法推导并建立了卫星轨道面扰动位T和径向重力梯度Tzz、以及扰动位T和重力梯度分量组合{Tzz-Txx-Tyy}的谱组合计算模型与误差估计公式。数值模拟结果表明,谱组合计算模型可以有效顾及各类数据的精度和频谱特性进行最优联合求解。采用61天GOCE实测数据反演的两个180阶次地球重力场模型WHU_GOCE_SC01S（扰动位和径向重力梯度数据求解）和WHU_GOCE_SC02S（扰动位和重力梯度分量组合数据求解）,结果显示后者精度优于前者,并且它们的整体精度优于GOCE时域解,而与GOCE空域解的精度接近,验证了谱组合法的可行性与有效性。     

卫星重力梯度观测数据的时变信号影响分析

系统地讨论了时变重力中潮汐信号与非潮汐信号对GOCE卫星重力梯度观测数据的影响。结果表明:(1)时变改正的量级为0.1mE,比GOCE卫星设计精度(3.2mE)低,但其为有色噪声,在数据预处理中必须剔除;(2)潮汐影响(0.1mE)比非潮汐影响(0.01mE)要高一个量级,决定着时变重力改正的精度。将本文计算结果与GOCE官方公布结果进行对比,二者具有较好一致性,验证了本文计算方法及结果的有效性。     

由GOCE引力梯度张量不变量确定卫星重力模型的半解析法

提出了利用半解析方法解算重力场与稳态海洋环流探测器(gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer,GOCE)引力梯度张量不变量观测值来恢复全球卫星重力模型的方法,该方法比最小二乘方法效率高,同样可给出模型的验后方差。推导了半解析法快速解算引力梯度张量不变量的理论公式,给出了该方法利用卫星重力梯度观测数据快速求解重力场模型的基本步骤。利用89.5°倾角圆形严格重复轨道上的模拟梯度观测值验证了半解析方法用于张量不变量解算的理论严密性,并利用GOCE任务61d梯度仪坐标系(gradiometer reference frame,GRF)下无噪声和有噪声的I2和Vzz模拟观测值进行了模型反演和结果分析。结果表明,利用I_2观测值求解模型的精度略优于仅用Vzz分量解算模型的精度。     

扰动重力梯度的球冠谐分析建模

从球冠谐理论出发,详细推导了球冠坐标系下扰动重力梯度的无奇异性计算公式。基于Tikhonov正则化方法,利用GOCE卫星实际观测数据解算局部重力场球冠谐模型。数值计算表明,基于扰动重力梯度的球冠谐分析建模方法能够有效地恢复局部重力场中的短波信号,与GO_CONS_GCF_2_DIR_R5模型的差异在±0.3×10~(-5) m/s~2水平。     

联合GOCE轨道和梯度数据反演地球重力场模型

基于Fortran语言编写了一套恢复重力场模型的软件系统实现GOCE卫星。基于傅里叶展开式设计了一种重力梯度的滤波方法。分别对GOCE PKI轨道数据和引力梯度数据进行了反演计算,恢复了几个重力场模型。结果显示,GOCE轨道的反演能力约在120阶次以内;两极空白对梯度数据反演计算的影响大于轨道数据。联合2009-11-02~2010-01-10共70d的GOCE轨道数据和重力梯度数据恢复了一个200阶次的地球重力场模型SWJTU2013GO,通过内外符合精度评定,判定了该模型的整体精度略低于ICGEM公布的同类型模型GO_CONS_GCF_2_TIM_R3。     

联合GOCE卫星轨道和重力梯度数据严密求解重力场的模拟研究

论述了联合卫星轨道和重力梯度数据严密求解重力场的方法及数据处理方案,研究了GOCE重力场反演中有色噪声的AR去相关滤波、病态法方程的Kaula正则化和观测值最优加权的方差分量估计等关键问题。模拟结果表明:①极空白问题会降低法方程求解的稳定性,导致低次位系数的求解精度较低,而Kaula正则化可有效用于GOCE病态法方程的求解,并得到合理稳定的解;②重力梯度有色噪声会降低GOCE重力场求解的整体精度,特别是对低阶位系数的影响最为明显,而AR去相关滤波法可有效处理有色噪声,但解算结果仍含有低频误差;③方差分量估计可有效确定SST和SGG两类观测值的最优权比,并且有色噪声造成的低频误差经过联合求解后得到了抑制;④利用30d、5s采样的GOCE模拟数据恢复200阶次的重力场模型,其大地水准面和重力异常精度在纬度±83°范围内分别为±3.81cm和±1.056mGal。     

Preprocessing of gravity gradients at the GOCE high-level processing facility

One of the products derived from the gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer (GOCE) observations are the gravity gradients. These gravity gradients are provided in the gradiometer reference frame (GRF) and are calibrated in-flight using satellite shaking and star sensor data. To use these gravity gradients for application in Earth scienes and gravity field analysis, additional preprocessing needs to be done, including corrections for temporal gravity field signals to isolate the static gravity field part, screening for outliers, calibration by comparison with existing external gravity field information and error assessment. The temporal gravity gradient corrections consist of tidal and nontidal corrections. These are all generally below the gravity gradient error level, which is predicted to show a 1/f behaviour for low frequencies. In the outlier detection, the 1/f error is compensated for by subtracting a local median from the data, while the data error is assessed using the median absolute deviation. The local median acts as a high-pass filter and it is robust as is the median absolute deviation. Three different methods have been implemented for the calibration of the gravity gradients. All three methods use a high-pass filter to compensate for the 1/f gravity gradient error. The baseline method uses state-of-the-art global gravity field models and the most accurate results are obtained if star sensor misalignments are estimated along with the calibration parameters. A second calibration method uses GOCE GPS data to estimate a low-degree gravity field model as well as gravity gradient scale factors. Both methods allow to estimate gravity gradient scale factors down to the 10⁻³ level. The third calibration method uses high accurate terrestrial gravity data in selected regions to validate the gravity gradient scale factors, focussing on the measurement band. Gravity gradient scale factors may be estimated down to the 10⁻² level with this method.     

Calibrating the GOCE accelerations with star sensor data and a global gravity field model

A reliable and accurate gradiometer calibration is essential for the scientific return of the gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer (GOCE) mission. This paper describes a new method for external calibration of the GOCE gradiometer accelerations. A global gravity field model in combination with star sensor quaternions is used to compute reference differential accelerations, which may be used to estimate various combinations of gradiometer scale factors, internal gradiometer misalignments and misalignments between star sensor and gradiometer. In many aspects, the new method is complementary to the GOCE in-flight calibration. In contrast to the in-flight calibration, which requires a satellite-shaking phase, the new method uses data from the nominal measurement phases. The results of a simulation study show that gradiometer scale factors can be estimated on a weekly basis with accuracies better than 2 × 10⁻³ for the ultrasensitive and 10⁻² for the less sensitive axes, which is compatible with the requirements of the gravity gradient error. Based on a 58-day data set, scale factors are found that can reduce the errors of the in-flight-calibrated measurements. The elements of the complete inverse calibration matrix, representing both the internal gradiometer misalignments and scale factors, can be estimated with accuracies in general better than 10⁻³.     

联合GOCE卫星数据和GRACE法方程确定SWJTU-GOGR01S全球重力场模型

联合地球重力场和海洋环流探测器（Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer,GOCE）和重力恢复与气候实验（Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment,GRACE）卫星观测数据确定全球静态重力场模型是当前大地测量学的研究热点之一。联合近3 a的GOCE卫星梯度数据和7 a左右的GRACE星间距离变率数据计算的ITG-GRACE2010S模型的法方程恢复了210阶次的重力场模型SWJTU-GOGR01S。采用带通数字滤波方法处理GOCE卫星的4个高精度梯度观测分量,利用梯度数据恢复重力场模型的观测方程直接建立在梯度仪坐标系中,可以避免坐标转换过程中高精度的梯度观测分量受低精度分量的影响;联合法方程解的最优权采用方差分量估计迭代计算,GOCE数据的两极空白引起的病态问题采用Kaula正则化方法进行约束。基于EIGEN-6C2模型和北美地区的GPS水准网观测数据,对SWJTU-GOGR01S模型进行内外符合精度分析,结果表明,SWJTU-GOGR01S模型在210阶次的大地水准面误差和累计误差分别为1.3 cm和5.7 cm,精度与欧洲空间局公布的第四代时域法模型相当,略优于GOCO02S和GOCO03S模型的精度。     

GOCE引力梯度内部校准方法

GOCE卫星引力梯度仪的精确校准是反演高精度重力场的前提之一,本文利用GOCE卫星L1b数据中的引力梯度仪及恒星敏感器数据实现了卫星引力梯度的内部校准。以最小二乘联合多个恒星敏感器观测数据确定内部校准使用的角速度,有效避免了单个恒星敏感器低精度角速度分量对坐标转换过程的影响。考虑到恒星敏感器坐标系与梯度仪坐标系间旋转矩阵随时间的变化,本文在ESA官方内部校准方法的基础上,提出了顾及旋转矩阵校准参数的内部校准模型,并利用2009年11月的GOCE实测数据验证了该方法的效果。结果表明,该旋转矩阵校准参数数值约100″,且在该月存在3″~30″的漂移;与GOCE官方内部校准方法对比,从卫星引力梯度精度结果来看,在低于0.005 Hz频段内,同时解算旋转矩阵的校准参数与梯度仪内3个加速度计对的校准参数的内部校准模型优于仅考虑加速度计对校准参数的模型;除此之外,本文讨论了以该模型为基础的GOCE梯度仪数据校准的可能方法,为GOCE及后续重力卫星的数据处理工作提供参考。     

Monitoring GOCE gradiometer calibration parameters using accelerometer and star sensor data: methodology and first results

The Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) satellite, launched on 17 March 2009, is designed to measure the Earth’s mean gravity field with unprecedented accuracy at spatial resolutions down to 100?km. The accurate calibration of the gravity gradiometer on-board GOCE is of utmost importance for achieving the mission goals. ESA’s baseline method for the calibration uses star sensor and accelerometer data of a dedicated calibration procedure, which is executed every 2?months. In this paper, we describe a method for monitoring the evolution of calibration parameter during that time. The method works with star sensor and accelerometer data and does not require gravity field models, which distinguishes it from other existing methods. We present time series of calibration parameters estimated from GOCE data from 1 November 2009 to 17 May 2010. The time series confirm drifts in the calibration parameters that are present in the results of other methods, including ESA’s baseline method. Although these drifts are very small, they degrade the gravity gradients, leading to the conclusion that the calibration parameters of the ESA’s baseline method need to be linearly interpolated. Further, we find a correction of ?36 × 10^?6 for one calibration parameter (in-line differential scale factor of the cross-track gradiometer arm), which improves the gravity gradient performance. The results are validated by investigating the trace of the calibrated gravity gradients and comparing calibrated gravity gradients with reference gradients computed along the GOCE orbit using the ITG-Grace-2010s gravity field model.     

The gravity field model IGGT_R1 based on the second invariant of the GOCE gravitational gradient tensor

Based on tensor theory, three invariants of the gravitational gradient tensor (IGGT) are independent of the gradiometer reference frame (GRF). Compared to traditional methods for calculation of gravity field models based on the gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer (GOCE) data, which are affected by errors in the attitude indicator, using IGGT and least squares method avoids the problem of inaccurate rotation matrices. The IGGT approach as studied in this paper is a quadratic function of the gravity field model’s spherical harmonic coefficients. The linearized observation equations for the least squares method are obtained using a Taylor expansion, and the weighting equation is derived using the law of error propagation. We also investigate the linearization errors using existing gravity field models and find that this error can be ignored since the used a-priori model EIGEN-5C is sufficiently accurate. One problem when using this approach is that it needs all six independent gravitational gradients (GGs), but the components \(V_{xy}\) and \(V_{yz}\) of GOCE are worse due to the non-sensitive axes of the GOCE gradiometer. Therefore, we use synthetic GGs for both inaccurate gravitational gradient components derived from the a-priori gravity field model EIGEN-5C. Another problem is that the GOCE GGs are measured in a band-limited manner. Therefore, a forward and backward finite impulse response band-pass filter is applied to the data, which can also eliminate filter caused phase change. The spherical cap regularization approach (SCRA) and the Kaula rule are then applied to solve the polar gap problem caused by GOCE’s inclination of \(96.7^{\circ }\). With the techniques described above, a degree/order 240 gravity field model called IGGT_R1 is computed. Since the synthetic components of \(V_{xy}\) and \(V_{yz}\) are not band-pass filtered, the signals outside the measurement bandwidth are replaced by the a-priori model EIGEN-5C. Therefore, this model is practically a combined gravity field model which contains GOCE GGs signals and long wavelength signals from the a-priori model EIGEN-5C. Finally, IGGT_R1’s accuracy is evaluated by comparison with other gravity field models in terms of difference degree amplitudes, the geostrophic velocity in the Agulhas current area, gravity anomaly differences as well as by comparison to GNSS/leveling data.     

Alternative method for angular rate determination within the GOCE gradiometer processing

The most crucial part of the GOCE gradiometer processing is, besides the internal calibration of the gradiometer, the determination of the satellite’s inertial angular rate. This paper describes a new method for the angular rate determination. It is based on the stochastic properties of the GOCE star sensors and the gradiometer. The attitude information of both instrument types is combined at the level of angular rates. The combination is done in the spectral domain by Wiener filtering, and thus using an optimal relative weighting of the star sensor and gradiometer attitude information. Since the complete processing chain from raw measurements to gravity field solutions is performed, the results are not only analyzed at the level of gravity gradients, but also of gravity field solutions. Compared to the nominal method, already the resulting gravity gradients show a significantly improved performance for the frequencies (mainly) below the gradiometer measurement bandwidth. This can be verified by analysis of the gravity gradient trace. The improvement is propagated to the level of gravity field models, where a better accuracy can be observed for selected groups of coefficients at characteristic bands at orders k × 16, with integer k, up to high harmonic degrees.     

GOCE卫星重力梯度校准与无阻尼控制效果分析

GOCE卫星是首颗搭载高精度梯度仪,通过加速度计差分测量确定地球重力场的现代重力卫星。该卫星设计为无阻尼飞行状态（沿轨方向）,加速度计并未安置在卫星质心,这些特点使得GOCE与标准的卫星跟踪卫星重力测量模式有着显著的区别。本文首先指出GOCE任务中普通模式加速度校准存在不严密性问题,并提出了分别校准6个加速度计,分离偏差参数的方案。利用GOCE任务期内的几何法精密轨道,采用动力法完成校准,并分析了无阻尼控制的效果,发现：①虽然GOCE所在轨道高度的中性大气密度较GRACE高两到三个量级,但GOCE卫星在沿轨方向的残余非保守力比GRACE卫星的对应分量小一个量级,充分显示了无阻尼控制系统的补偿效果;②通过精密轨道内插的轨道速度与动力法轨道速度的比较可以得出,卫星无阻尼控制系统对GOCE卫星速度的显著影响;③计算了GOCE卫星所受的非保守力。获得了GOCE任务期间的加速度计校准参数,并讨论了利用其辅助重力梯度仪数据预处理的可能方法。     

超导重力数据检测到的2011年日本东北大地震(Mw 9.0)震前重力异常及同震重力变化

高精度的超导重力数据已广泛应用于地球动力学的研究,对大地震前重力异常和同震重力变化的探测有助于震源机制和地震预警的研究,同时高精度的同震观测数据可用于断层滑动模型的反演。本文利用日本、中国及欧洲7个超导台站2011年3月的秒采样数据研究日本东北大地震（M_w 9.0）产生的重力变化,经潮汐、气压、漂移等预处理改正后,得到改正后的重力变化。对比同时段日本岛附近发生的2861次M_b≥4级地震,分析滤波后的重力变化数据,排除非主震的影响,发现0.12 Hz≤f≤0.18 Hz频段显示了明显的震前重力异常扰动信息,所有台站在震前89 h均开始出现重力异常扰动,Medicina站的震前最大异常扰动振幅达到28×10^-8 m/s²。另外,利用球形位错理论及地震的CMT解计算得到的地表同震重力变化理论值与超导重力观测值非常接近,同震重力变化绝对值与震中距成反比,近场站点的观测值比远场站点更接近于理论计算值,前者可作为断层反演的约束条件。