云浮-罗定地区推覆构造特征

最新区调成果表明,云浮-罗定地区震旦-石炭纪地层是被多条断层分割的块体,在剖面上它们层层叠置,在平面上沿一定方向延伸,构成了海西-印支期的自NW往SE方向逆冲的推覆构造体系,其间有构造窗、飞来峰.原地系统由石炭纪地层组成,外来系统为震旦纪、泥盆-石炭纪变质地层.初步论证了其形成时间、推覆方向、推覆体厚度、推覆平距.它的形成可能与钦州海槽关闭有关,属后展型叠瓦式逆冲推覆构造.     

逆冲推覆构造理论在木里煤田煤炭勘查中的应用

逆冲断层是以挤压性应力为主的构造复杂区常见的构造类型,含煤地层受逆冲断层影响,常隐伏在老地层之下,逆冲推覆构造的组合型式、分布规律和几何形态研究成果,能够在煤炭资源勘查中发挥较好的指导作用。青海省中祁连地区木里煤田是我国西北重要的焦煤生产基地,其构造应力场演化大致可分为3个阶段,其中第Ⅲ阶段NNE—SSW向的挤压对该地区控煤构造起到主要作用,形成了一系列NNW—SSE向展布的含煤向斜褶皱,同时形成了大量逆冲推覆构造。以木里煤田的聚乎更矿区和江仓矿区为研究对象,应用推覆构造下找煤理论,经过钻探验证,在逆冲推覆断层的下盘发现了侏罗系含煤地层及煤层,证实了逆冲推覆找煤理论对寻找新的煤炭资源具有重要指导意义。     

云浮-罗定地区推覆构造特征

最新区调成果表明，云浮－罗定地区震旦－石炭纪地层是被多条断层分割的块体，在剖面上它们层层叠置，在平面上沿一定方向延伸，构成了海西－印支期的自NW往SE方向逆冲的推覆构造体系，其间有构造窗、飞来峰。原地系统由石炭纪地层组成，外来系统为震旦纪、泥盆－石炭纪变质地层。初步论证了其形成时间、推覆方向、推覆体厚度、推覆平距。它的形成可能与钦州海槽关闭有关，属后展型叠瓦式逆冲推覆构造。     

龙永煤田隐伏区找煤前景分析

龙永煤田暴露区找煤基本勘查完毕,隐伏区找煤成为今后工作的主攻方向。根据区内地层及构造特征,结合找煤实例分析,认为：①区内地表出露翠屏山组中下部地层的区块以及三叠系下统溪口组与翠屏山组中下部直接接触的区块,由于层间滑脱断层缺失上部地层,使煤系地层埋藏变浅,是找煤的有利范围;②层间逆冲推覆构造主要分布在煤田东部,造成童子岩组的地层重复,由于上盘构造复杂,含煤性变差失去勘查价值,下盘煤系地层保存完整,煤炭资源量可观,其下盘可作为找煤的主要方向;③煤田东部红林坪-白沙-茶林盂一带出露白垩系沙县组（即红层）．如“红层”与下伏地层为小角度不整合接触,则其“红层”与下伏的童子岩组及翠屏山组接触地带为找煤的有利区块;④区内“火山岩”主要分布在东北部,因厚度大,煤系地层埋藏深,找煤难度较大;⑤基底逆冲推覆构造在区内发育规模较小．煤田内出露的“老地层”基本上为基底隆起．其下找煤的可能性较小。     

试论苏邦煤矿区逆冲断层之成因机制及其控煤作用

苏邦煤矿区F₁₀₆断层的成因机制及控煤作用,不同学者对其认识不一。从该断层的特征结合区域构造背景来分析,印支期的滑覆运动应是其主要成因。其后的早、晚期侧向挤压形成现在所看到的逆掩推覆构造。由于其上盘的含煤地层滑动系统经过多期次构造运动的破坏已失去勘探价值,而其下盘的含煤地层相对保存完整,应为主要勘探对象。同时,根据这一成因机制分析指出了外围及新区的找煤方向。      

吕明1，2，汤良杰1，2

通过系统的地震资料综合解释,对塔里木盆地巴楚隆起卡拉沙依断裂上、下盘沉积地层厚度的变化及各界面与上、下部地层的接触关系、不整合面的发育特征及变化规律进行研究,以此来探讨卡拉沙依断裂各时期的活动特征。认为卡拉沙依断裂东、西两段呈现出截然不同的活动特征。主断裂东段,晚寒武世-奥陶纪,断裂无明显活动;早志留世晚期-早二叠世,断裂开始活动,呈现出逆冲推覆断裂的特征;经中二叠世的平静期,从晚二叠世开始又有一次逆冲推覆活动。而位于主断裂南侧的次级断裂,在晚寒武纪-中志留世,断裂无明显活动;从早中泥盆世开始,次级断裂开始活动,表现为压性断裂特征,逆冲推覆作用持续至早二叠世,经过中二叠世短暂的平静期,在晚二叠世还有一次继承性活动,但活动强度较弱。主断裂西段,奥陶纪时期,断裂开始活动并表现出张性断裂活动特征;经过志留纪-中二叠世的平静期,从晚二叠世开始,断裂西段发生正反转作用,逆冲推覆活动明显。次级断裂西段,在晚寒武世-早中二叠世并无活动,从晚二叠世开始,断裂开始活动,表现为强烈的逆冲推覆作用。     

反冲带对褶断带层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿的控制作用研究

宁夏惠安堡地区大地构造背景处于鄂尔多斯盆地西缘褶断带的马家滩褶断带,传统理论认为褶断带不利于后生铀成矿作用。但近几年的找矿探索证明褶断带后生铀成矿既具有典型层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿的一些特点,也有其特殊性。西缘逆冲推覆构造带由逆冲推覆体主体和前缘带组成,前缘带由推覆前缘带和反冲带组成。反冲带多见东倾的叠瓦状反冲断层,最东部反冲断层的上、下盘附近是铀矿化集中的地方。正是这些东倾的叠瓦状分布的反冲断层使找矿目的层反冲上升,接近地表,与含氧地下水发生水力联系,地下水得以对目的层进行更深入、更彻底的改造,形成层间氧化和铀矿化。     

河北东北部兴隆煤田区逆冲构造的特征及其区域构造意义

兴隆煤田及邻区的逆冲构造系基底卷入变形的厚皮逆冲构造,并具有典型的断坪-断坡式几何学结构.断层上盘逆冲方向指向NNW,沿着主干逆冲断层发生的倾向位移量约为13.1 km,逆冲断层及相关褶皱变形所造成的局部表层地壳缩短率约32.3%.对兴隆逆冲构造的几何学结构、运动学性质及其地层效应的分析表明,在申家胡同到黄土梁近东西向一线以南的区域,寻找到因逆冲断层作用导致的隐伏煤田的可能性是极小的.主干逆冲断层上、下盘地层大面积陡立乃至倒转的特征,更容易用断展褶皱,尤其是三角形剪切断展褶皱模型做出合理解释.该逆冲构造主要逆冲断层的上、下盘盖层岩系不整合于基底结晶变质岩系之上,地层序列发育完整而且可以一一对应,不存在沿着相对软弱层发育的大规模逆冲断层之断坪,因此,将该逆冲构造作为区域上承德逆冲构造的根带是不合适的.     

淮南煤田八里塘煤矿深部控煤构造研究

八里塘煤矿位于淮南复向斜内的谢桥向斜南翼,由于受区域推覆构造的影响,矿区总体构造呈轴向近东西的不对称倒转褶皱形态,其两翼倾向倾角变化剧烈。煤矿深部构造为逆冲推覆构造区,上覆系统由阜凤逆冲断层及其分支断层的推覆构造断夹块组成,下伏系统由淮南复向斜次级褶皱谢桥向斜南翼原地系统组成。经估算位于F2断层（阜凤逆冲断层）下盘至-1200m水平的13-1、11-2、8-2、8-1煤层累计资源量约8000万t。     

断层分段生长定量判别标准的建立及其地质意义—以松辽盆地杏北开发区萨尔图油层为例

为了降低地震断层解释中的不确定性,以松辽盆地杏北开发区三维地震资料为靶区,以断层"转换位移/离距(D/S)"为基础,建立了断层平面分段生长定量判别标准,其中,侧列叠覆、开始破坏和完全破坏3个阶段的临界D/S分别为0.27和1。研究结果表明,1杏北开发区278+273断层是由278断层和273断层侧列叠覆组成,同时验证了断层分段生长定量判别标准的可靠性;2断圈类型由单断下盘翘倾型断圈校正为侧列叠覆断层孤立型断圈,同时断圈范围也明显变小;3断层封闭性评价由整体评价校正为278断层和273断层分别独立评价。因此,断层组合校正对油气田勘探开发方案的精确部署具有重要的指导意义。     

New insights into the structure and evolution of the Isle of Wight Monocline

High quality seismic reflection data acquired during hydrocarbon exploration activities provide evidence for the subsurface structure and evolution of one of England's most well known structures at outcrop: the Isle of Wight Monocline. It is generally seen as a major northerly verging monoclinal structure linked to the Purbeck Monocline to the west. The Isle of Wight Monocline is the result of the interplay between two inverted east-west trending, southerly dipping and overlapping down-to-the-south major syndepositional normal faults that were active during Triassic and Jurassic times: the Needles and Sandown faults. The area between the two faults tips forms an easterly-dipping relay ramp, down which sequences of all ages thicken. Both of these major normal faults were inverted during Cenozoic (Miocene: Alpine) compressional events, folding the overlying post-rift sequences of early Cretaceous to early Cenozoic (Palaeogene) age. Interpretation of the seismic reflection data suggest that previously unknown high angle, down-to-the-north reverse faults cut the northern limbs of both anticlines forming the composite monocline and are likely to come to crop in the steeply-dipping Chalk and/or the drift-covered Cenozoic sequences. Their identification marked a period of discussions and testing of the model by detailed field mapping. The existence and location of such faulting was proved through an iterative process with the result that a reverse fault zone is now mapped along the northern limb of the northern Sandown Anticline section of the Monocline. The main reverse faults on the Brighstone and Sandown anticlines result in up to circa 550 m of displacement at top Chalk level. It is thought that a series of smaller footwall short-cut faults affect the Cenozoic strata to the north of the main reverse fault, producing up-faulted sections of flatter-lying Cenozoic strata. Reverse displacements and the severity of folding on the inverted faults decreases on each fault segment in a complementary fashion in the area of the relay ramp as one fault takes up the movement at the expense of the other. The swing in strike of the Chalk in the area of shallowly dipping strata between Calbourne and Garstons is a result of deformation of the post-rift sequences across the relay ramp established between the overlapping fault tips of the Needles and Sandown faults and the interaction of the folds developed at the tips of the reverse faults.     

考虑逆断层的煤层顶底板TIN生成的新方法

为了解决逆断层参与下煤层顶底板不易生成TIN的问题,提出了一种新方法。该方法以约束Delaunay三角剖分为理论基础,一方面使生成TIN满足约束Delaunay原则,另一方面又很好地解决了逆断层生成TIN的问题。通过大量煤层正/逆断层和多期叠加断层数据的检验,该算法容易实现,稳定可靠,效率高,并对将来自动生成煤层顶/底板等高线图也很有帮助。      

高密度电法在和田隐伏断层探测中的应用

西昆仑山前一系列的新生代背斜的翼部往往伴生向南斜倾的逆断裂,这些断裂隐伏于早更新世或中更新世洪积砂砾石层,构成了和田隐伏断裂带。该断裂带由2条陡坎状断层组成,宽约10.6km,深度20~300m,落差110~270m。根据卫星影像和地质工作成果,和田隐伏断裂的一支从和田市南部穿过,但南郊飞机场附近没有露头,为探查断层在该区域的位置及深度,沿垂直于推测的断层走向布设2条测线,采用温纳（WN）测量系统对其进行探测。探测结果表明：2条测线皆发现了逆断层,均上切错断了上覆晚更新世地层,其中测线1存在2处断层,一处断层倾向南,倾角50°左右,另一处断层倾向北,倾角约55°;测线2存在一处断层,倾向北,倾角近80°。通过比对高密度电法资料和地质出露点剖面,推断和田断层在第四系以来有过两次明显的活动,导致晚更新世砂砾石土层被断错。     

The presence, characteristics and earthquake implications of the St. Lawrence fault zone within and near Lake Ontario (Canada–USA)

Questions persist concerning the earthquake potential of the populous and industrial Lake Ontario (Canada–USA) area. Pertinent to those questions is whether the major fault zone that extends along the St. Lawrence River valley, herein named the St. Lawrence fault zone, continues upstream along the St. Lawrence River valley at least as far as Lake Ontario or terminates near Cornwall (Ontario, Canada)–Massena (NY, USA). New geological studies uncovered paleotectonic bedrock faults that are parallel to, and lie within, the projection of that northeast-oriented fault zone between Cornwall and northeastern Lake Ontario, suggesting that the fault zone continues into Lake Ontario. The aforementioned bedrock faults range from meters to tens of kilometers in length and display kinematically incompatible displacements, implying that the fault zone was periodically reactivated in the study area. Beneath Lake Ontario the Hamilton–Presqu'ile fault lines up with the St. Lawrence fault zone and projects to the southwest where it coincides with the Dundas Valley (Ontario, Canada). The Dundas Valley extends landward from beneath the western end of the lake and is marked by a vertical stratigraphic displacement across its width. The alignment of the Hamilton–Presqu'ile fault with the St. Lawrence fault zone strongly suggests that the latter crosses the entire length of Lake Ontario and continues along the Dundas Valley.The Rochester Basin, an east–northeast-trending linear trough in the southeastern corner of Lake Ontario, lies along the southern part of the St. Lawrence fault zone. Submarine dives in May 1997 revealed inclined layers of glaciolacustrine clay along two different scarps within the basin. The inclined layers strike parallel to the long dimension of the basin, and dip about 20° to the north–northwest suggesting that they are the result of rigid-body rotation consequent upon post-glacial faulting. Those post-glacial faults are growth faults as demonstrated by the consistently greater thickness, unit-by-unit, of unconsolidated sediments on the downthrown (northwest) side of the faults relative to their counterparts on the upthrown (southeast) side. Underneath the western part of Lake Ontario is a monoclinal warp that displaces the glacial and post-glacial sediments, and the underlying bedrock–sediment interface. Because of the post-glacial growth faults and the monoclinal warp the St. Lawrence fault zone is inferred to be tectonically active beneath Lake Ontario. Furthermore, within the lake it crosses at least five major faults and fault zones and coexists with other neotectonic structures. Those attributes, combined with the large earthquakes associated with the St. Lawrence fault zone well to the northeast of Lake Ontario, suggest that the seismic risk in the area surrounding and including Lake Ontario is likely much greater than previously believed.     

凹陷向斜区岩性类油藏油富集主控因素及成藏模式--以松辽盆地升西-徐家围子向斜葡萄花油层为例

凹陷向斜区岩性类油藏是油气勘探的新领域,以松辽盆地升西-徐家围子向斜葡萄花油层为解剖对象,在向斜区构造单元细分基础上,对不同构造部位油藏类型和油水分布规律进行剖析:向斜外缘缓坡区主要发育油水界面相对统一的构造-岩性油藏;向斜过渡陡坡区主要发育上油下水或油水互层的断层-岩性油藏;向斜中心深洼区主要发育油水到置的岩性油藏;油平面上受断层密集带背形构造控制呈“条带状”分布,垂向上受沉积演化序列和微相物性差异影响“择层”分布。进而对向斜区油成藏主控因素与成藏模式进行了研究,得出向斜区成藏的4个主控因素:①有效烃源岩匹配古构造决定南北构造单元油富集差异;②油源断层组成油优势输导通道;③微相物性差异造成高孔渗分流河道砂体为油聚集优质储层;④断层密集带背形构造构成油富集主要部位。最终建立了向斜区4种成藏模式:①向斜中心深洼区断层密集带背形构造控藏模式;②向斜中心深洼区断层密集带间油选择性充注分流河道控藏模式;③向斜过渡陡坡区反向断层遮挡控藏模式;④向斜外缘缓坡区正向构造圈闭控藏模式。     

福建政和上山岗金银矿床控矿构造研究

福建政和上山岗金银矿位于政和—大埔深大断裂带东侧的东坑火山盆地中,为受断裂控制的火山-次火山热液型金银矿床。通过对矿区地质构造的研究,认为矿区断裂发育,主要有NE向、NW向、近EW向和近SN向4组,均为控岩-控矿构造,为矿区内重要的找矿标志。其中,NE向和近SN向断裂为主要的控矿和容矿构造,NW向和近EW向断裂为主要的控岩构造,常切割破坏矿体。金银矿体(脉)的产出严格受火山盆地中的断裂控制,与赋矿围岩的具体岩性关系不明显;矿体(脉)的大小与所在断裂的规模密切相关。矿区外围及深部与主干断裂平行的次级断裂可作为矿区进一步找矿的有利构造。     

西秦岭北缘北西向断层特征和形成的构造机制及地质意义

西秦岭北缘构造带不仅发育一系列继承性多期活动或新生的近东西向断层,而且新生代地层中还发育与近东西向断层走向不一致且具有独特构造特征的北西向左旋走滑断层。这种北西向左旋走滑断层带不发育断层角砾岩、磨砾岩、碎粉岩、断层泥、摩擦镜面、擦痕线理、断层阶步等脆性断层中常见的构造现象,仅表现为地层旋转和剪切拉断形成的一定宽度的透镜化带,两条断层之间地层产状发生旋转形成了约1 km宽,平面上类似膝折构造几何形态地层扭折带。该北西向断层横切了渐新统—中新统地层,并被上新统砾岩覆盖和第四纪以来的近东西向左旋走滑断层斜切,指示了其形成于渐新世—中新世沉积地层形成之后,上新世砾岩沉积之前,即上新世早期。北西向断层带不发育脆性断层典型构造现象和断层左旋走滑作用在渐新统—中新统沉积地层中形成了类似膝折构造几何形态地层扭折带,说明其变形具有韧脆性过渡和缓慢剪切变形的特征,是西秦岭北缘一种新的断层类型。其形成机制为基底或中下地壳中大型左旋走滑韧性或韧脆性剪切带向上扩展延伸到上部沉积盖层中之结果,也就是说,新生代沉积盖层中这种北西向断层和地层扭折带是下部韧性剪切带的左旋走滑剪切在盖层中被动构造响应。这种基底或中下地壳北西向左旋韧性剪切带可能指示了上新世初期西秦岭北缘构造带深部韧性地壳物质向南东流变蠕动的构造标志,代表深部地壳缩短增厚向地壳韧性物质侧向扩展流动的转换过程。这种特殊的断层类型对理解青藏高原东北缘新生代构造变形体制转换和地壳隆升具有重要的科学意义。     

Spatial Characteristics and Controlling Factors of the Strike‐slip Fault Zones in the Northern Slope of Tazhong Uplift,Tarim Basin: Insight from 3D Seismic Data

The detailed characteristics of the Paleozoic strike-slip fault zones developed in the northern slope of Tazhong uplift are closely related to hydrocarbon explorations. In this study, five major strike-slip fault zones that cut through the Cambrian-Middle Devonian units are identified, by using 3D seismic data. Each of the strike-slip fault zones is characterized by two styles of deformation, namely deeper strike-slip faults and shallower en-echelon faults. By counting the reverse separation of the horizon along the deeper faults, activity intensity on the deeper strike-slip faults in the south is stronger than that on the northern ones. The angle between the strike of the shallower en-echelon normal faults and the principal displacement zone(PDZ) below them is likely to have a tendency to decrease slightly from the south to the north, which may indicate that activity intensity on the shallower southern en-echelon faults is stronger than that on the northern ones. Comparing the reverse separation along the deeper faults and the fault throw of the shallower faults, activity intensity of the Fault zone S1 is similar across different layers, while the activity intensity of the southern faults is larger than that of the northern ones. It is obvious that both the activity intensity of the same layer in different fault zones and different layers in the same fault zone have a macro characteristic in that the southern faults show stronger activity intensity than the northern ones. The Late Ordovician décollement layer developed in the Tazhong area and the peripheral tectonic events of the Tarim Basin have been considered two main factors in the differential deformation characteristics of the strike-slip fault zones in the northern slope of Tazhong uplift. They controlled the differences in the multi-level and multi-stage deformations of the strike-slip faults, respectively. In particular, peripheral tectonic events of the Tarim Basin were the dynamic source of the formatting and evolution of the strike-slip fault zones, and good candidates to accommodate the differential activity intensity of these faults.     

新疆乌孙山北缘断裂晚第四纪活动及区域构造意义

乌孙山北缘断裂位于新疆伊宁盆地南部,是伊宁盆地与乌孙山的边界断裂,由多条平行或斜列的次级断层组成.断裂呈近东西走向,总体倾向南,山前主断裂主要表现为高角度逆冲,倾角50°~80°,前缘冲断面相对较缓.断裂上盘主要由石炭系-二叠系组成,下盘主要为第四系和侏罗系,断层两盘沉积物的ESR年代表明断裂带多处错断中、上更新统地层.野外地层接触关系和区域构造研究表明,在中更新世末以来,断裂强烈向北逆冲,与伊犁盆地北缘断裂共同控制了盆山地貌格局.伊宁盆地及邻区中更新世末的区域构造运动与青藏高原的共和运动时代相当,这次事件由南北天山向伊犁盆地的对冲挤压引起,动力来源于青藏高原向外扩展生长.      

鄂西丹江口水库区域周边断裂构造解析及特征

鄂西地区位于中国大陆构造演化的关键节点上,地质构造十分复杂,而其中的丹江口水库区域更是我国南水北调工程的核心区域.在此处开展断裂构造研究对于深化南水北调工程的地震安全系统的建设具有重要意义.利用浅层地震反射波勘探技术对丹江口水库周边的3条主要断裂,即丹江、两郧和白河-谷城断裂进行分析,将各断裂内的断层构造进行地震剖面成像,得到了0~300 m深度范围内的断层结构特征.研究结果显示,3条断裂内的断层多为北东走向,丹江和白河-谷城断裂内的断层型态以正断层为主,但两郧断裂以逆断层为主,此特征可能与水库蓄水后,局部应力分布受到影响有关.研究成果不仅刻画出鄂西丹江口地区的断层形态,同时也对将来深入剖析此区域内背景应力及其周边构造单元之间的关系提供了重要的地震学参考资料.