山基GPS掩星反演大气对流层折射率系统组成及其程序实现

山基GPS掩星技术因具有较强的实用功能成为目前反演大气研究的热点。结合雾灵山山基GPS掩星试验数据，研究了山基反演大气折射率的主要组成部分，并详细介绍了几个模块的实现过程，最后用程序解算了一段掩星数据。     

用CHAMP卫星资料反演地球中性大气参数

介绍了利用GPS掩星反演地球中性大气参数的原理.在实际解算中,总结出用迭代法解多普勒观测方程、数值积分法求大气折射指数、用最小二乘法模拟大气折射指数与高度的函数关系.对特定掩星事件的数据进行了反演计算,并对计算结果进行了分析.     

澳大利亚上空COSMIC掩星廓线的反演

基于几何光学反演方法,由附加相住延迟序列出发,对2007年6月6日发生在澳大利亚上空的一次COSMIC掩星事件进行了反演.将反演得到的折射角、折射率、干温与湿度廓线分别与COSMIC数据分析与管理中心(COSMIC data analysis and archive center,CDAAC)的相应产品进行了比较.结果表明,两者在低对流层存在较显著的差异.以距离该掩星地点300 km以内、观测时间差异2 h以内的无线电探空资料为参照,反演的折射率廓线与CDAAC的折射率廓线在低对流层都存在一定的误差.对于该掩星事件,CDAAC通过变分法反演的湿度廓线并不比本文的反演结果更接近探空廓线;在1 km以下,其变化趋势甚至与探空结果相矛盾.     

利用GPS掩星资料反演地球中性大气参数折射角方法研究

对利用GPS掩星资料反演地球中性大气参数的原理作了简要介绍，在此基础上对消除电离层影响的改正方法、Abel反演积分上限的确定、上边界测量折射角的优化方法进行了探讨。针对UCAR的Level2数据，在数据预处理工作的基础上，利用特定掩星事件的数据进行了反演计算，并对计算结果进行了分析。     

用CHAMP卫星资料反演地球中性大气参数

介绍了利用GPS掩星反演地球中性大气参数的原理.在实际解算中,总结出用迭代法解多普勒观测方程、数值积分法求大气折射指数、用最小二乘法模拟大气折射指数与高度的函数关系.对特定掩星事件的数据进行了反演计算,并对计算结果进行了分析.     

GPS-LEO掩星探测地球大气的方法

近年来伴随导航定位技术与无线电掩星技术的结合，一种崭新的遥感地球大气的方法-Global Positioning System/Meteoroloby(GPS/NET)应运而生，该方法可以有效地探测大气温、压、湿等气象参数。本文在介绍利用GPS-LEO掩星技术探测地球大气的原理，以及反演大气参数的方法、步骤的基础上，给出了模拟掩星数据反演出的温度廓线、密度廓线及部分GPS/NET实验数据的初步反演结果。通过分析可以看出，利用掩星技术反演出的温度廓线与大气实际情况相符，并且与ECMWF、NCEP的结果吻合较好。在干空气假设条件下，近地面大气的反演结果与实际情况还存在一定误差，有待深入研究解决。     

上边界的选取对GPS掩星反演结果影响的分析

介绍利用GPS掩星数据反演大气参数的方法。对GPS/MET和CHAMP数据不同上边界和统计优化方法的反演结果进行研究和分析,并与UCAR,GFZ网上公布的结果进行对比,指出合理的上边界条件。     

GPS掩星技术反演气象要素的误差分析

利用GPS掩星技术反演气象要素会包含一些误差，误差源有：热噪声、卫星轨道误差、多路径误差、折射率常数误差、气体状态模型误差、电离层改正残差、大气边界条件误差、大气球对称假设误差、几何光学近似误差等。分析表明，通过采取适当措施，可以降低误差源的负面影响，提高反演气象要素的精度。     

利用FY-3C折射率对大气边界层高度的反演与分析

2013年中国发射了首颗进行全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)掩星观测的气象卫星风云3号C星(Fengyun-3C,FY-3C),且已发布自2014年6月以来的FY-3C掩星大气产品,但目前还未见将其应用于大气边界层的相关研究。首次尝试利用FY-3C折射率产品确定边界层高度并进一步进行空间分布分析。结果表明,在小波协方差变换法基础上,进行尖锐度约束,能够确定FY-3C掩星低层大气折射率廓线中可能存在的突变,反演边界层高度。所得到的2015―2018年各年边界层高度全球分布在不同纬度及海洋和陆地上的差异基本体现了边界层与地表气候及地形的关系,但FY-3C折射率产品在低层大气的精度和垂直分辨率相对较低。因此,反演成功率总体上较低,反演结果对边界层高度空间分布细节特征的呈现仍有待提升。     

欧洲ACE+掩星观测计划

最近，欧洲制定了一个新的ACE^ 掩星观测计划。它由4颗小卫星组成，分布在2个轨道面上。星载接收机可以分别接收GPS和Galileo(伽利略)导航星座信号，进行掩星观测。此外，4颗小卫星中的两颗卫星，携带X和K波段的发射机，另外两颗携带接收机，他们之间也进行掩星观测，测量电波振幅变化，独立反演对流层大气温度和水汽。计划创新之处在于，它以前所未有的技术和测量精度获得全球大量的电离层和中性大气的气象场资料。本文介绍ACE^ 计划观测内容、卫星载荷、地面观测设备的数据处理技术，也给出该计划的应用前景。     

单站地基GPS天顶延迟反演大气剖面研究

基于一定的大气折射率剖面模型和搜索方法,可以由GPS天顶延迟反演大气折射率剖面。利用上海气象站的探空数据和上海IGS站的GPS数据,对基于单站地基GPS天顶延迟的大气折射率剖面反演方法进行了验证。结果表明,根据目前处理得到的天顶延迟,反演剖面与实际剖面吻合较好。     

利用GPS/MET与CHAMP掩星资料反演地球中性大气参数的比较

采用Abel积分反演算法 ,在干大气模式下 ,分别针对GPS/MET与CHAMP特定掩星事件的Level2数据进行处理 ,得到了相应的折射指数与大气参数廓线。分别将反演结果与UCAR和GFZ公布的结果进行比较 ,证明了反演算法的正确性与通用性。分析了两个温度反演结果都存在系统误差和CHAMP温度反演结果误差较大的原因 ,并提出了改进建议     

FY-3C无线电掩星折射率廓线的反演及验证

2013年,中国发射了首颗进行全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)无线电掩星观测的气象卫星FY-3C,其掩星数据产品已由国家卫星气象中心(national satellite meteorological center,NSMC)发布.基于FY-3C附加相位...     

高斯函数在香港地区对流层层析实验中的应用

将GPS信号的斜路径湿延迟当作层析的观测量能够有效获取对流层的三维水汽场。由于射线分布的不均匀和观测网地形的扁平,观测方程是不适定的,因此需要添加一些约束条件来确定唯一解。由于水汽在垂直方向变化很快,合理的垂直约束在获取准确的水汽场上起着重要作用。研究了香港地区湿折射率的垂直分布特征,发现高斯函数能很好地表达湿折射率与高度的关系,利用高斯函数建立约束方程获得的层析解能很好地与探空数据和欧洲中尺度天气预报中心（ECMWF）数据吻合。相对于指数约束所得结果,层析湿折射率的标准差在整个对流层减小了3.8 mm/km,在低对流层减小了4.7 mm/km。实验也表明,利用其他气象数据,如无线电探空数据,作为湿折射率的先验信息,也可以得到较好的层析解。     

GPS radio occultation measurements on ionospheric electron density from low Earth orbit

Since the proof-of-concept GPS/Meteorology (GPS/MET) experiment successfully demonstrated active limb sounding of the Earth’s neutral atmosphere and ionosphere via GPS radio occultation (RO) from low Earth orbit, the developments of electron density (n _e) retrieval techniques and powerful processing systems have made a significant progress in recent years. In this study, the researches of n _e profiling from space-based GPS RO observations are briefly reviewed. Applying to the Formosat-3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (FS3/COSMIC) data, we also present a compensatory Abel inversion technique including the effects of large-scale horizontal gradients and/or inhomogeneous ionospheric n _e obtained from an improved near real-time phenomenological model of the TaiWan Ionospheric Model. The results were evaluated by the ionosonde foF2 and foE data and showed improvements of rms foF2 difference from 29.2 to 16.5% in relative percentage and rms foE difference from 54.2 to 32.7% over the standard Abel inversion.     

GPS/INS navigation precision and its effect on airborne radio occultation retrieval accuracy

An airborne radio occultation (RO) system has been developed to retrieve atmospheric profiles of refractivity, moisture, and temperature. The long-term objective of such a system is deployment on commercial aircraft to increase the quantity of moisture observations in flight corridors in order to improve weather forecast accuracy. However, there are several factors important to operational feasibility that have an impact on the accuracy of the airborne RO results. We investigate the effects of different types of navigation system noise on the precision of the retrieved atmospheric profiles using recordings from the GNSS Instrument System for Multistatic and Occultation Sensing (GISMOS) test flights, which used an Applanix POS/AV 510 Global Positioning System (GPS)/Inertial Navigation System (INS). The data were processed using a carrier phase differential GPS technique, and then the GPS position and inertial measurement unit data were combined in a loosely coupled integrated inertial navigation solution. This study quantifies the velocity precision as a function of distance from GPS reference network sites, the velocity precision with or without an inertial measurement unit, the impact of the quality of the inertial measurement unit, and the compromise in precision resulting from the use of real-time autonomous GPS positioning. We find that using reference stations with baseline lengths of up to 760?km from the survey area has a negligible impact on the retrieved refractivity precision. We also find that only a small bias (less than 0.5% in refractivity) results from the use of an autonomous GPS solution rather than a post-processed differential solution when used in an integrated GPS/INS system. This greatly expands the potential range of an operational airborne radio occultation system, particularly over the oceans, where observations are sparse.     

Experiment on driving precipitable water vapor from ground-based GPS network in Chengdu Plain

The estimates of total zenith delay are derived using Bernese GPS Software V4. 2 based on GPS data every 30 s from the first measurement experiment of a ground-based GPS network in Chengdu Plain of Southwest China during the period from July to September 2004. Then the estimates of 0.5 hourly precipitable water vapor (PWV) derived from global positioning system (GPS) are obtained using meteorological data from automatic weather stations (AWS). The comparison of PWV derived from GPS and those from radiosonde observations is given for the Chengdu station, with RMS (root mean square) differences of 3.09m. The consistency of precipitable water vapor derived from GPS to those from radiosonde is good. It is concluded that Bevis’ empirical formula for estimating the weighted atmospheric mean temperature can be applicable in Chengdu area because the relationship of GPS PWV with Bevis’ formula and GPS PWV with radiosonde method shows a high correlation. The result of this GPS measurement experiment is helpful both for accumulating the study of precipitable water vapor derived from GPS in Chengdu areas located at the eastern side of the Tibetan Plateau and for studying spatial-temporal variations of regional atmospheric water vapor through many disciplines cooperatively.     

A case study of using Raman lidar measurements in high-accuracy GPS applications

This paper investigates the impact of rapid small-scale water vapor fluctuations on GPS height determination. Water vapor measurements from a Raman lidar are used for documenting the water vapor heterogeneities and correcting GPS signal propagation delays in clear sky conditions. We use data from four short observing sessions (6 h) during the VAPIC experiment (15 May–15 June 2004). The retrieval of wet delays from our Raman lidar is shown to agree well with radiosonde retrievals (bias and standard deviation (SD) were smaller than 1 and 2.8 mm, respectively) and microwave radiometers (from two different instruments, bias was 6.0/−6.6 mm and SD 1.3/3.8 mm). A standard GPS data analysis is shown to fail in accurately reproducing fast zenith wet delay (ZWD) variations. The ZWD estimates could be improved when mean post-fit phase residuals were removed. Several methodologies for integrating zenith lidar observations into the GPS data processing are also presented. The final method consists in using lidar wet delays for correcting a priori the GPS phase observations and estimating a scale factor for the lidar wet delays jointly with the GPS station position. The estimation of this scale factor allows correcting for a mis-calibration in the lidar data and provides in the same way an estimate of the Raman lidar instrument constant. The agreement of this constant with an independent determination using radiosonde data is at the level of 1–4%. The lidar wet delays were derived by ray-tracing from zenith pointing measurements: further improvement in GPS positioning is expected from slant path lidar measurements that would properly account for water vapor anisotropy.     

成都地区地基GPS观测网遥感大气可降水量的初步试验

利用首个成都地区地基GPS观测网2004年7～9月30s间隔的测量数据，通过Bernese GPS SoftwareV4．2解算出30min间隔的天顶总延迟量，结合自动气象站获得的气象资料计算出30min间隔的GPS遥感的大气可降水量。与根据气象探空站探测资料算出的可降水量进行统计对比，确定出本次GPS遥感可降水量试验的精度为3．09mm，两种可降水量时间序列呈现高度的一致性。同时验证了计算对流层加权平均温度的Bevis经验公式在成都地区的适用性。