太行山北段中生代岩基及其包体锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素性质及其地质意义

太行山北段出露大规模中生代岩浆岩带,以中酸性岩为主,普遍含有基性微粒包体。锆石的SHRIMP U-Pb年代学研究表明,包体形成于126Ma左右,与寄主岩石大致同时形成。锆石的LA-MC-ICPMS Lu-Hf同位素原位测量研究表明,基性岩来自富集地幔的部分熔融,并遭受了一定程度的地壳混染;主要的中酸性岩基形成于壳幔岩浆混和过程,而岩基中微粒基性包体是经历分离结晶的基性岩浆注入酸性岩浆房中形成。     

Coeval felsic and Mafic Magmas in neoarchean calc-alkaline magmatic arcs,Dharwar craton,Southern India: Field and petrographic evidence from mafic to Hybrid magmatic enclaves and synplutonic Mafic dykes

We present field and petrographic data on Mafic Magmatic Enclaves (MME), hybrid enclaves and synplutonic mafic dykes in the calc-alkaline granitoid plutons from the Dharwar craton to characterize coeval felsic and mafic magmas including interaction of mafic and felsic magmas. The composite host granitoids comprise of voluminous juvenile intrusive facies and minor anatectic facies. MME, hybrid enclaves and synplutonic mafic dykes are common but more abundant along the marginal zone of individual plutons. Circular to ellipsoidal MME are fine to medium grained with occasional chilled margins and frequently contain small alkali feldspar xenocrysts incorporated from host. Hybrid magmatic enclaves are intermediate in composition showing sharp to diffused contacts with adjoining host. Spectacular synplutonic mafic dykes commonly occur as fragmented dykes with necking and back veining. Similar magmatic textures of mafic rocks and their felsic host together with cuspate contacts, magmatic flow structures, mixing, mingling and hybridization suggest their coeval nature. Petrographic evidences such as disequilibrium assemblages, resorption, quartz ocelli, rapakivi-like texture and poikilitically enclosed alkali feldspar in amphibole and plagioclase suggest interaction, mixing/mingling of mafic and felsic magmas. Combined field and petrographic evidences reveal convection and divergent flow in the host magma chamber following the introduction of mafic magmas. Mixing occurs when mafic magma is introduced into host felsic magma before initiation of crystallization leading to formation of hybrid magma under the influence of convection. On the other hand when mafic magmas inject into host magma containing 30–40% crystals, the viscosities of the two magmas are sufficiently different to permit mixing but permit only mingling. Finally, if the mafic magmas are injected when felsic host was largely crystallized (~70% or more crystals), they fill early fractures and interact with the last residual liquids locally resulting in fragmented dykes. The latent heat associated with these mafic injections probably cause reversal of crystallization of adjoining host in magma chamber resulting in back veining in synplutonic mafic dykes. Our field data suggest that substantial volume of mafic magmas were injected into host magma chamber during different stages of crystallization. The origin of mafic magmas may be attributed to decompression melting of mantle associated with development of mantle scale fractures as a consequence of crystallization of voluminous felsic magmas in magma chambers at deep crustal levels.     

Field evidence,mineral chemical and geochemical constraints on mafic-felsic magma interactions in a vertically zoned magma chamber from the Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex of Eastern India

The Nimchak granite pluton (NGP) of Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex (CGGC), Eastern India, provides ample evidence of magma interaction in a plutonic regime for the first time in this part of the Indian shield. A number of outcrop level magmatic structures reported from many mafic-felsic mixing and mingling zones worldwide, such as synplutonic dykes, mafic magmatic enclaves and hybrid rocks extensively occur in our study domain. From field observations it appears that the Nimchak pluton was a vertically zoned magma chamber that was intruded by a number of mafic dykes during the whole crystallization history of the magma chamber leading to magma mixing and mingling scenario. The lower part of the pluton is occupied by coarse-grained granodiorite (64.84–66.61?wt.% SiO₂), while the upper part is occupied by fine-grained granite (69.80–70.57?wt.% SiO₂). Field relationships along with textural and geochemical signatures of the pluton suggest that it is a well-exposed felsic magma chamber that was zoned due to fractional crystallization. The intruding mafic magma interacted differently with the upper and lower granitoids. The lower granodiorite is characterized by mafic feeder dykes and larger mafic magmatic enclaves, whereas the enclaves occurring in the upper granite are comparatively smaller and the feeder dykes could not be traced here, except two late-stage mafic dykes. The mafic enclaves occurring in the upper granite show higher degrees of hybridization with respect to those occurring in the lower granite. Furthermore, enclaves are widely distributed in the upper granite, whereas enclaves in the lower granite occur adjacent to the main feeder dykes.Geochemical signatures confirm that the intermediate rocks occurring in the Nimchak pluton are mixing products formed due to the mixing of mafic and felsic magmas. A number of important physical properties of magmas like temperature, viscosity, glass transition temperature and fragility have been used in magma mixing models to evaluate the process of magma mixing. A geodynamic model of pluton construction and evolution is presented that shows episodic replenishments of mafic magma into the crystallizing felsic magma chamber from below. Data are consistent with a model whereby mafic magma ponded at the crust-mantle boundary and melted the overlying crust to form felsic (granitic) magma. The mafic magma episodically rose, injected and interacted with an overlying felsic magma chamber that was undergoing fractional crystallization forming hybrid intermediate rocks. The intrusion of mafic magma continued after complete solidification of the magma chamber as indicated by the presence of two late-stage mafic dykes.     

Isotopic evidence for multiple contributions to felsic magma chambers: Gouldsboro Granite, Coastal Maine

The Gouldsboro Granite forms part of the Coastal Maine Magmatic Province, a region characterized by granitic plutons that are intimately linked temporally and petrogenetically with abundant co-existing mafic magmas. The pluton is complex and preserves a felsic magma chamber underlain by contemporaneous mafic magmas; the transition between the two now preserved as a zone of chilled mafic sheets and pillows in granite. Mafic components have highly variably isotopic compositions as a result of contamination either at depth or following injection into the magma chamber. Intermediate dikes with identical isotopic compositions to more mafic dikes suggest that closed system fractionation may be occurring in deeper level chambers prior to injection to shallower levels. The granitic portion of the pluton has the highest Nd isotopic composition (ε_Nd = + 3.0) of plutons in the region whereas the mafic lithologies have Nd isotopic compositions (ε_Nd = + 3.5) that are the lowest in the region and similar to the granite and suggestive of prolonged interactions and homogenization of the two components. Sr and Nd isotopic data for felsic enclaves are inconsistent with previously suggested models of diffusional exchange between the contemporaneous mafic magmas and the host granite to explain highly variable alkali contents. The felsic enclaves have relatively low Nd isotopic compositions (ε_Nd = + 2 – + 1) indicative of the involvement of a third, lower ε_Nd melt during granite petrogenesis, perhaps represented by pristine granitic dikes contemporaneous with the nearby Pleasant Bay Layered Intrusion. The dikes at Pleasant Bay and the felsic enclaves at Gouldsboro likely represent remnants of the silicic magmas that originally fed and replenished the overlying granitic magma chambers. The large isotopic (and chemical) contrasts between the enclaves and granitic dikes and granitic magmas may be in part a consequence of extended interactions between the granitic magmas and co-existing mafic magmas by mixing, mingling and diffusion. Alternatively, the granitic magmas may represent an additional crustal source. Using granitic rocks such as these with abundant evidence for interactions with mafic magmas complicate their use in constraining crustal sources and tectonic settings. Fine-grained dike rocks may provide more meaningful information, but must be used with caution as these may also have experienced compositional changes during mafic–felsic interactions.     

Synplutonic mafic dykes from late Archaean granitoids in the Eastern Dharwar Craton,southern India

We present a first overview of the synplutonic mafic dykes (mafic injections) from the 2.56–2.52 Ga calcalkaline to potassic plutons in the Eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC). The host plutons comprise voluminous intrusive facies (dark grey clinopyroxene-amphibole rich monzodiorite and quartz monzonite, pinkish grey porphyritic monzogranite and grey granodiorite) located in the central part of individual pluton, whilst subordinate anatectic facies (light grey and pink granite) confined to the periphery. The enclaves found in the plutons include highly angular screens of xenoliths of the basement, rounded to pillowed mafic magmatic enclaves (MME) and most spectacular synplutonic mafic dykes. The similar textures of MME and adjoining synplutonic mafic dykes together with their spatial association and occasional transition of MME to dismembered synplutonic mafic dykes imply a genetic link between them. The synplutonic dykes occur in varying dimension ranging from a few centimeter width upto 200 meters width and are generally dismembered or disrupted and rarely continuous. Necking of dyke along its length and back veining of more leucocratic variant of the host is common feature. They show lobate as well as sharp contacts with chilled margins suggesting their injection during different stages of crystallization of host plutons in magma chamber. Local interaction, mixing and mingling processes are documented in all the studied crustal corridors in the EDC. The observed mixing, mingling, partial hybridization, MME and emplacement of synplutonic mafic dykes can be explained by four stage processes: (1) Mafic magma injected during very early stage of crystallization of host felsic magma, mixing of mafic and felsic host magma results in hybridization with occasional MME; (2) Mafic magma introduced slightly later, the viscosities of two magmas may be different and permit only mingling where by each component retain their identity; (3) When mafic magma injected into crystallizing granitic host magma with significant crystal content, the mafic magma is channeled into early fractures and form dismembered synplutonic mafic dykes and (4) Mafic injections enter into largely crystallized (>80% crystals) granitic host results in continuous dykes with sharp contacts. The origin of mafic magmas may be related to development of fractures to mantle depth during crystallization of host magmas which results in the decompression melting of mantle source. The resultant hot mafic melts with low viscosity rise rapidly into the crystallizing host magma chamber where they interact depending upon the crystallinity and viscosity of the host. These hot mafic injections locally cause reversal of crystallization of the felsic host and induce melting and resultant melts in turn penetrate the crystallizing mafic body as back veining. Field chronology indicates injection of mafic magmas is synchronous with emplacement of anatectic melts and slightly predates the 2.5 Ga metamorphic event which affected the whole Archaean crust. The injection of mafic magmas into the crystallizing host plutons forms the terminal Archaean magmatic event and spatially associated with reworking and cratonization of Archaean crust in the EDC.     

Interaction of coeval felsic and mafic magmas from the Kanker granite,Pithora region,Bastar Craton,Central India

Field and petrographic studies are carried out to characterize the interactions of mafic and felsic magmas from Pithora region of the northeastern part of the Bastar Craton. The MMEs, syn-plutonic mafic dykes, cuspate contacts, magmatic flow textures, mingling and hybridization suggest the coeval emplacement of end member magmas. Petrographic evidences such as disequilibrium assemblages, resorption textures, quartz ocelli, rapakivi and poikilitic textures suggest magma mingling and mixing phenomena. Such features of mingling and mixing of the felsic and mafic magma manifest the magma chamber processes. Introduction of mafic magmas into the felsic magmas before initiation of crystallization of the latter, results in hybrid magmas under the influence of thermal and chemical exchange. The mechanical exchange occurs between the coexisting magmas due to viscosity contrast, if the mafic magma enters slightly later into the magma chamber, then the felsic magma starts to crystallize. Blobs of mafic magma form as MMEs in the felsic magma and they scatter throughout the pluton due to convection. At a later stage, if mafic magma enters the system after partial crystallization of felsic phase, mechanical interaction between the magmas leads to the formation of fragmented dyke or syn-plutonic mafic dyke. All these features are well-documented in the study area. Field and petrographic evidences suggest that the textural variations from Pithora region of Bastar Craton are the outcome of magma mingling, mixing and hybridization processes.     

Petrochemical evidence of magma mingling and mixing in the Tertiary monzogabbroic stocks around the Bafra (Samsun) area in Turkey: implications of coeval mafic and felsic magma interactions

Miocene aged calc-alkaline mafic host stocks (monzogabbro) and felsic microgranular enclaves (monzosyenite) around the Bafra (Samsun) area within Tertiary volcanic and sedimentary units of the Eastern Pontides, Northeast Turkey are described for the first time in this paper. The felsic enclaves are medium to fine grained, and occur in various shapes such as, elongated, spherical to ellipsoidal, flame and/or rounded. Most enclaves show sharp and gradational contacts with the host monzogabbro, and also show distinct chilled margins in the small enclaves, indicating rapid cooling. In the host rocks, disequilibrium textures indicating mingling or mixing of coeval mafic and felsic magmas are common, such as, poikilitic and antirapakivi textures in feldspar phenocrysts, sieve textured-patchy-rounded and corroded plagioclases, clinopyroxene megacrysts mantled by bladed biotites, clinopyroxene rimmed by green hornblendes, dissolution in clinopyroxene, bladed biotite, and acicular apatite. The petrographical and geochemical contrasts between the felsic enclaves and host monzogabbros may partly be due to a consequence of extended interaction between coeval felsic and mafic magmas by mixing/mingling and diffusion. Whole-rock and Sr-Nd isotopic data suggests that the mafic host rocks and felsic enclaves are products of modified mantle-derived magmas. Moreover, the felsic magma was at near liquidus conditions when injected into the mafic host magma, and that the mafic intrusion reflects a hybrid product formed due to the mingling and partial (incomplete) mixing of these two magmas.     

岩浆混合作用与火成岩多样性的耦合关系:以东昆仑造山带白日其利长英质岩体为例

壳-幔岩浆相互作用如何影响长英质火成岩的岩石学多样性是当前岩石学研究的焦点问题之一.以岩石类型丰富的东昆仑白日其利长英质岩体和暗色微粒包体为研究对象,开展系统的锆石U-Pb年代学、矿物学、全岩元素地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素研究,探讨和解析这一重要科学问题.LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb年代学研究表明,暗色微粒包体（247.8±2.0 Ma）与二长花岗岩（247.5±1.4 Ma）、花岗闪长岩（248.8±2.1 Ma）和石英闪长岩（248.8±1.5 Ma）均侵位结晶于早三叠世.岩相学和矿物学研究表明,白日其利长英质岩石与包体的成因机制与壳-幔岩浆的机械或化学混合作用密切相关.元素地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成研究揭示,幔源镁铁质岩浆端元起源于受俯冲板片流体交代的富集地幔熔融,而壳源长英质岩浆端元则起源于东昆仑古老的变质杂砂岩基底.岩石成因分析揭示,幔源镁铁质岩浆侵入长英质晶粥岩浆房,促使长英质晶粥发生活化,随后壳-幔岩浆端元以不同比例和不同方式发生机械和化学混合等相互作用,从而形成镁铁质岩墙、包体、石英闪长岩和花岗闪长岩等多种岩石类型.晶粥状态下壳-幔岩浆相互作用是控制东昆仑长英质火成岩多样性和大陆地壳生长演化的重要方式.      

Magma mixing in the subvolcanic environment: petrology of the Gerena interaction zone near Seville,Spain

The mechanisms by which felsic and mafic magmas interact and approach a uniform hybrid composition through the processes of mingling and mixing have been studied in a high-level subvolcanic setting in the Spanish Hercynian at Gerena, near Seville. The compositions involved are calc-alkaline and the situation is one of tonalite-quartz diorite synplutonic dykes injected into a granitic magma chamber. The resulting hybrids include dykes, pillows and globules of tonalite with chilled margins which are variously disrupted and homogenised with the host granite. The present investigation is based on field and petrographic observations of hybridization textures, the identification of different stages in the crystallisation history of the tonalite through mineral textures, and the characterization of mineral compositions at these various stages. Proportions of the end-member magmas involved were obtained by major-oxide mixing models and tested satisfactorily with trace elements. A mechanistic model is presented to account for these observations which involves the early quenching of the tonalite when it was emplaced into the granite magma chamber. After high temperature crystallization had occurred the two magmas attained thermal equilibrium and disruption of the tonalite in the high energy regime of this subvolcanic complex resulted in dispersion of fragments and crystals through the granite giving rise to hybrid granodiorite compositions. It is argued that such high-energy flow conditions are a necessary requirement for effective hybridization in this environment in contrast to most large-scale magma chamber settings where mixing is driven by thermal and buoyancy contrasts.     

Interaction between felsic granitoids and mafic dykes in Bundelkhand Craton: A field,petrographic and crystal size distribution study

In Bundelkhand Craton of central India, mafic dykes intruded when granitoids was partly crystallized. Cuspate–lobate boundary along the contact of granitoids and mafic magma indicates magma mingling in outcrop scale while textural evidence of mingling is represented by acicular apatite morphologies, titanite–plagioclase ocelli and ophitic–subophitic texture, mafic clots, resorbed plagioclase, and hornblende–zircon associations. Mingling also caused thermal exchange and fluid activity along the boundary between two coeval magmas. Crystal size distribution analyses for hornblende in the mafic rocks yield concave up curves which is also consistent with interaction of felsic and mafic magmas.     

Enclaves in granitoids of north of Jonnagiri schist belt,Kurnool district,Andhra Pradesh: Evidence of magma mixing and mingling

Calc-alkaline, metaluminous granitoids in the north of Jonnagiri schist belt (JSB) are associated with abundant mafic rocks as enclave. The enclaves represent xenoliths of the basement, mafic magmatic enclaves (MME) and synplutonic mafic dykes. The MME are mostly ellipsoidal and cuspate shape having lobate margin and diffuse contact with the host granitoids. Sharp and crenulated contacts between isolated MME and host granitoids are infrequent. The MME are fine-grained, slightly dark and enriched in mafic minerals compare to the host granitoids. MME exhibits evidences of physical interaction (mingling) at outcrop scale and restricted hybridization at crystal scale of mafic and felsic magmas. The textures like quartz ocelli, sphene (titanite) ocelli, acicular apatite inclusion zone in feldspars and K-feldspar megacrysts in MME, megacrysts across the contact of MME and host and mafic clots constitute textural assemblages suggestive of magma mingling and mixing recorded in the granitoids of the study area. The quartz ocelli are most likely xenocrysts introduced from the felsic magma. Fast cooling of mafic magma resulted in the growth of prismatic apatite and heterogeneous nucleation of titanite over hornblende in MME. Chemical transfer from felsic magma to MME forming magma envisage enrichment of silica, alkalis and P in MME. The MME show low positive Eu anomalies whereas hybrid and host granitoids display moderate negative Eu-anomalies. Synplutonic mafic dyke injected at late stage of crystallising host felsic magma, display back veining and necking along its length. The variable shape, dimensions, texture and composition of MME, probably are controlled by the evolving nature and kinematics of interacting magmas.     

Early Cretaceous Magma Mingling in Xiaocuo, Southeastern China Continental Margin: Implications for Subduction of Paleo-Pacific Plate

Magma mingling has been identified within the continental margin of southeastern China.This study focuses on the relationship between mafic and felsic igneous rocks in composite dikes and plutons in this area,and uses this relationship to examine the tectonic and geodynamic implications of the mingling of mafic and felsic magmas.Mafic magmatic enclaves(MMEs) show complex relationships with the hosting Xiaocuo granite in Fujian area,including lenticular to rounded porphyritic microgranular enclaves containing abundant felsic/mafic phenocrysts,elongate mafic enclaves,and back-veining of the felsic host granite into mafic enclaves.LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb analyses show crystallization of the granite and dioritic mafic magmatic enclave during ca.132 and 116 Ma.The host granite and MMEs both show zircon growth during repeated thermal events at-210 Ma and 160-180 Ma.Samples from the magma mingling zone generally contain felsic-derived zircons with well-developed growth zoning and aspect ratios of 2-3,and maficderived zircons with no obvious oscillatory zoning and with higher aspect ratios of 5-10.However,these two groups of zircons show no obvious trace element or age differences.The Hf-isotope compositions show that the host granite and MMEs have similar ε_(Hf)(t) values from negative to positive which suggest a mixed source from partial melting of the Meso-Neoproterozoic with involvement of enriched mantlederived magmas or juvenile components.The lithologies,mineral associations,and geochemical characteristics of the mafic and felsic rocks in this study area indicate that both were intruded together,suggesting Early Cretaceous mantle—crustal interactions along the southeastern China continental margin.The Early Cretaceous magma mingling is correlated to subduction of Paleo-Pacific plate.     

Synplutonic mafic injections into crystallizing granite pluton from Gurgunta area,northern part of Eastern Dharwar Craton: Implications for magma chamber processes

In this paper we document widespread coeval felsic-mafic magma interaction and progressive hybridization near Gurgunta in the northern part of Eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC) where mafic magma pulses have injected into a 2.5 Ga granite pluton. The pluton contains voluminous pink porphyritic facies with minor equigranular grey facies. The mafic body shows compositional variation from diorite to meladiorite with hornblende as the chief mafic mineral with lesser clinopyroxene and biotite. The observed variation on binary diagrams suggests that granite was evolved by fractional crystallization. Chemical characteristics such as higher Al₂O₃ and moderate to high CaO, Mg#, Ni, Cr, Co and V are interpreted by slab-melting. Mafic bodies show lower SiO₂, Na₂O and K₂O; but higher CaO, Mg#, FeO, Cr, Ni and V; higher LREE with moderate to higher HREE which suggest their derivation from mantle. A major active shear zone has played an important role at the time of synplutonic mafic injection and hybridization process. Field evidences suggest that the synplutonic mafic body has injected into the crystallizing felsic magma chamber in successive stages. The first stage injection has resulted in extensive mixing and hybridization due to the liquidus state of resident felsic magma to which hot mafic magma was injected. However, progressive mixing produced heterogeneity as the xenocrysts started mechanically dispersed into hybrid magma. The second stage injection, after a time gap, encountered colder and viscous hybrid magma in the magma chamber, which inhibited free injection. As a consequence, the mafic magma spread into magma chamber as flows, producing massive mafic bodies. However, with the continued mafic pulses and the heat gradient, the viscosity contrasts of mafic magma and felsic magma were again lowered resulting in second stage mixing. This episode was followed by mingling when the granite was almost crystallized, but still viscous enough to accommodate lamellar and ribbon like mafic penetrations to produce mingling. The successive mixing and mingling processes account for the observed heterogeneity in the granite pluton.     

Magma mingling: Tectonic and geodynamic implications

An attempt is made to consider the tectonic and geodynamic implications of the mingling of mafic and felsic magmas, particularly, the relationships between mafic and felsic igneous rocks in composite dikes and plutons. Magma mingling develops in suprasubduction, intraplate, and collisional settings. The attributes typical of each type of mingling are discussed with special emphasis on the magma mingling of the collisional type, which is related to synmetamorphic shearing and may be regarded as a direct indicator of synorogenic collapse of collisional structural features. This phenomenon is exemplified in the Ol’khon collisional system in Siberia.     

Intrusion of basaltic magma into a crystallizing granitic magma chamber: The Cordillera del Paine pluton in southern Chile

The Cordillera del Paine pluton in the southernmost Andes of Chile represents a deeply dissected magma chamber where mafic magma intruded into crystallizing granitic magma. Throughout much of the 10x15 km pluton, there is a sharp and continuous boundary at a remarkably constant elevation of 1,100 m that separates granitic rocks (Cordillera del Paine or CP granite: 69–77% SiO₂) which make up the upper levels of the pluton from mafic and comingled rocks (Paine Mafic Complex or PMC: 45–60% SiO₂) which dominate the lower exposures of the pluton. Chilled, crenulate, disrupted contacts of mafic rock against granite demonstrate that partly crystallized granite was intruded by mafic magma which solidified prior to complete crystallization of the granitic magma. The boundary at 1,100 m was a large and stable density contrast between the denser, hotter mafic magma and cooler granitic magma. The granitic magma was more solidified near the margins of the chamber when mafic intrusion occurred, and the PMC is less disrupted by granites there. Near the pluton margins, the PMC grades upward irregularly from cumulate gabbros to monzodiorites. Mafic magma differentiated largely by fractional crystallization as indicated by the presence of cumulate rocks and by the low levels of compatible elements in most PMC rocks. The compositional gap between the PMC and CP granite indicates that mixing (blending) of granitic magma into the mafic magma was less important, although it is apparent from mineral assemblages in mafic rocks. Granitic magma may have incorporated small amounts of mafic liquid that had evolved to >60% SiO₂ by crystallization. Mixing was inhibited by the extent of crystallization of the granite, and by the thermal contrast and the stable density contrast between the magmas. PMC gabbros display disequilibrium mineral assemblages including early formed zoned olivine (with orthopyroxene coronas), clinopyroxene, calcic plagioclase and paragasite and later-formed amphibole, sodic plagioclase, mica and quartz. The early formed gabbroic minerals (and their coronas) are very similar to phenocrysts in late basaltic dikes that cut the upper levels of the CP granite. The inferred parental magmas of both dikes and gabbros were very similar to subalkaline basalts of the Patagonian Plateau that erupted at about the same time, 35 km to the east. Mafic and silicic magmas at Cordillera del Paine are consanguineous, as demonstrated by alkalinity and trace-element ratios. However, the contemporaneity of mafic and silicic magmas precludes a parent-daughter relationship. The granitic magma most likely was derived by differentiation of mafic magmas that were similar to those that later intruded it. Or, the granitic magma may have been contaminated by mafic magmas similar to the PMC magmas before its shallow emplacement. Mixing would be favored at deeper levels when the cooling rate was lower and the granitic magma was less solidified.     

Genesis and Mixing/Mingling of Mafic and Felsic Magmas of Back-Arc Granite: Miocene Tsushima Pluton, Southwest Japan

The Middle Miocene Tsushima granite pluton is composed of leucocratic granites, gray granites and numerous mafic microgranular enclaves (MME). The granites have a metaluminous to slightly peraluminous composition and belong to the calc‐alkaline series, as do many other coeval granites of southwestern Japan, all of which formed in relation to the opening of the Sea of Japan. The Tsushima granites are unique in that they occur in the back‐arc area of the innermost Inner Zone of Southwest Japan, contain numerous miarolitic cavities, and show shallow crystallization (2–6 km deep), based on hornblende geobarometry. The leucocratic granite has higher initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.7065–0.7085) and lower ε_Nd(t) (?7.70 to ?4.35) than the MME of basaltic–dacitic composition (0.7044–0.7061 and ?0.53 to ?5.24), whereas most gray granites have intermediate chemical and Sr–Nd isotopic compositions (0.7061–0.7072 and ?3.75 to ?6.17). Field, petrological, and geochemical data demonstrate that the Tsushima granites formed by the mingling and mixing of mafic and felsic magmas. The Sr–Nd–Pb isotope data strongly suggest that the mafic magma was derived from two mantle components with depleted mantle material and enriched mantle I (EMI) compositions, whereas the felsic magma formed by mixing of upper mantle magma of EMI composition with metabasic rocks in the overlying lower crust. Element data points deviating from the simple mixing line of the two magmas may indicate fractional crystallization of the felsic magma or chemical modification by hydrothermal fluid. The miarolitic cavities and enrichment of alkali elements in the MME suggest rapid cooling of the mingled magma accompanied by elemental transport by hydrothermal fluid. The inferred genesis of this magma–fluid system is as follows: (i) the mafic and felsic magmas were generated in the mantle and lower crust, respectively, by a large heat supply and pressure decrease under back‐arc conditions induced by mantle upwelling and crustal thinning; (ii) they mingled and crystallized rapidly at shallow depths in the upper crust without interaction during the ascent of the magmas from the middle to the upper crust, which (iii) led to fluid generation in the shallow crust. The upper mantle in southwest Japan thus has an EMI‐like composition, which plays an important role in the genesis of igneous rocks there.     

Isotopic responses to basaltic injections into silicic magma chambers: a whole-rock and microsampling study of macrorhythmic units in the Pleasant Bay layered gabbro-diorite complex, Maine, USA

The Pleasant Bay layered gabbro-diorite complex (420 Ma) formed via repeated injections of mafic magma into a felsic magma chamber. It is dominated by repeating sequences (macrorhythmic units) with chilled gabbroic bases which may grade upward into medium-grained gabbro, diorite and granite. Each unit represents an injection of mafic magma into the chamber followed by differentiation. Increases in Sr_i and decreases in )_Ndi with stratigraphic height indicate open-system isotopic behaviour and exchange between the mafic and felsic magmas. Isotopic variations of whole-rock samples in individual macrorhythmic units do not conform to bulk mixing or AFC models between potential parental magmas. Sr isotopic studies of single feldspar crystals from one macrorhythmic unit indicate that exchange of crystals between the resident felsic magma and mafic influxes was important, that some of the rocks contain feldspar xenocrysts, and that the rocks are isotopically heterogeneous on an intercrystal scale. Xenocryst abundance increases with stratigraphic height, suggesting that crystal exchange occurred in situ. The lack of disequilibrium textures in the xenocrystic feldspar indicates the evolved macrorhythmic magma and resident silicic magma were of a similar composition and likely in thermal equilibrium at the time of crystal transfer. Mafic chilled margins are enriched in alkalis and isotopically evolved compared with mafic dikes (representing the parental melts) and suggest rapid in-situ diffusional exchange following emplacement of individual mafic replenishments.     

Mafic to hybrid microgranular enclaves in the Ladakh batholith,northwest Himalaya: Implications on calc-alkaline magma chamber processes

Felsic magmatisms in the north of Indus-Tsangpo Suture Zone (ITSZ) in Ladakh range of northwest Indian Himalaya, referred herein Ladakh granitoids (LG), and associated magmatic rocks constitute the bulk of the Ladakh batholith. They have been characterized as Andean-type, calc-alkaline, largely metaluminous (I-type) to a few peraluminous (S-type) granitoids derived from partial melting of subducting materials. The LG can be broadly classified into coarsegrained facies with abundant mafics (hbl-bt), medium-grained facies with low content of mafics, and fine-grained leucocratic facies with very low amount of mafics. Mesocratic to melanocratic, rounded to elliptical, fine to medium grained, mafic to hybrid microgranular enclaves (ME) are ubiquitous in medium to coarse-grained LG. ME are absent or rare in the leucocratic variety of LG. In this paper different types of ME, and their field relation and microstructures with respect to felsic host LG are documented from northwestern, central, southeastern parts of the Ladakh batholith. Rounded to elongate ME of variable sizes (a few cm to metres across, mostly d<30 cm) commonly having sharp, crenulate, and occasionally diffuse contacts of ME with felsic host LG suggest that several pulses of crystal-charged mafic and felsic magmas coexisted, hybridized, and co-mingled into subvolcanic settings. Occurrence of composite ME (several small mafic ME enclosed into large porphyritic ME) strongly point to multiple mafic to hybrid magma intrusions into partly crystalline LG magma chambers. Synplutonic mafic dykes disrupted to form subrounded to angular (brecciated) mafic ME swarms commonly disposed in strike-length suggest mafic magma injections at waning stage of felsic magma evolution with large rheological contrasts. Pillowing of mafic melt against leucocratic (aplitic) residual melt strongly suggests mafic magma intrusion in nearly-crystallized condition of pluton. Although common mineral asemblages (hblbt-pl-kfs-qtz-ap-zrn-mt±ilm) of ME (diorite, quartzdiorite) and host LG (granodiorite, monzogranite) may relate to their cogenetic relation, fine to medium grained porphyritic (hybrid) nature and lack of cumulate texture of ME strongly oppose cognate origin for ME. Presence of plagioclase xenocrysts, quartz ocelli and accicular apatite in porphyritic ME strongly indicate mingling and undercooling of hybridized ME globules into relatively crystal-charged cooler host LG magma. Grain size differences of some ME, except to those of porphyritic ones, appear related to varying degrees of undercooling of ME most likely controlled by their variable sizes. Several smaller ME, however, lack fine-grained chilled margin probably because of their likely disaggregation from a large size ME during the course of progressive hybridization (mingling to mixing) leaving behind trails of mafic schlieren. Field and microstructural evidences at least suggest that Ladakh granitoids and their microgranular enclaves are products of multistage magma mingling and mixing processes concomitant fractional differentiation of several batches of mafic and felsic magmas formed in open magma chamber(s) of subduction setting.     

内蒙古沙德盖花岗岩岩浆混合作用:岩相学、矿物化学和年代学证据

华北地台北缘乌拉山地区的沙德盖钾长花岗岩体中普遍发育以二长岩为主的暗色微粒包体,包体具塑性流变特征,与寄主岩的接触界线或为截然或为渐变过渡。岩相学观察表明,包体中发育多种反映岩浆混合作用的典型组构,如石英眼斑、环斑长石、镁铁质团块、钾长石巨晶的溶蚀、磷灰石的针柱状形貌、长石中的包体带以及钙长石的"针尖"结构等。造岩矿物的电子探针分析表明,岩浆混合在沙德盖岩体的形成中起了重要作用,寄主花岗岩浆主要来自下地壳,而暗色包体岩浆则主要为地幔来源。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素定年结果显示,沙德盖花岗岩及其暗色微粒包体的形成时代基本一致,分别为233.4±2.3Ma和229.7±1.5Ma(中三叠世),进一步佐证了该岩体是岩浆混合作用的产物。研究认为,当铁镁质岩浆与长英质岩浆混合时,早期基性岩浆的快速淬冷形成了边界清楚、具明显冷凝边且暗色矿物含量较高的包体;随着两种不同成分岩浆之间温差的减小以及组分的交换,进一步形成了颜色较浅、边界渐变过渡和无明显冷凝边的包体。     

Mafic enclaves in granitoid intrusions: a catastrophic model of rheological behaviour

The significance of mafic enclaves as indicators of magma mixing processes between juxtaposed felsic and mafic magmas is evaluated from a rheological point of view. A qualitative model for explaining strain and morphological changes in the enclaves has been developed on the basis of the catastrophe theory.
Mafic enclaves in intrusive granitoids commonly behave as physical systems that can be described using a cusp catastrophe model. Their behaviour is characterized by bimodality, divergence and sudden changes, which are properties typical of this model. Accordingly, the presence of mafic enclaves showing variable strain and morphology within the same granitoid intrusion would be indicarive of mutual interaction and mingling between mafic and felsic magmas. Due to the characteristics of these processes, it is not possible to establish unambiguous age relationships between the two magmatic components.