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Review of electromagnetic coupling between the Earth's atmosphere and the space environment
Institution:1. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune 411 008, India;2. Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 211 005, India;3. Department of Physics, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi 284 128, India;1. ESSO-National Centre for Antarctic & Ocean Research, Headland Sada, Vasco da Gama, Goa, India;2. Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, Kalamboli Highway, New Panvel (W), Navi Mumbai, India;1. BITNET – Research Centre on Sensors and Systems, Cluj-Napoca, Romania;2. National Institute for Earth Physics, Magurele, Romania;3. Department of Physics, University of Bari, Italy;1. School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China;2. SOA Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China;3. Department of Embedded Systems Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea;1. 5 place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France;2. DIO-VO, UMS2201 CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 avenue de l’Observatoire, 75014, Paris, France;1. CRESS, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3;2. Department of Physics, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada E3B 5A3;3. Department of Physics, Murmansk State Technical University, 13 Sportivnaya Street, Murmansk 183010, Russia
Abstract:We review our understanding of the electrical properties of the lower and upper atmosphere along with various possible sources of the electromagnetic energy near and far above the Earth's surface. The transport of electromagnetic energy from the atmosphere to the ionosphere and then to the magnetosphere and back to the Earth's surface via ionosphere and lower atmosphere is discussed. The electromagnetic coupling of various regions is also discussed.
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