Seagrass development in terrigenous-influenced inner ramp settings during the middle Eocene (Urbasa–Andia Plateau,Western Pyrenees,North Spain)

Since their first occurrence in the late Cretaceous, seagrasses have played a major role in carbonate production and sedimentation across shallow-water and nearshore environments, sustaining a prolific carbonate factory and contributing to sediment accumulation through the combination of baffling and trapping effects. Most reported Palaeogene seagrass occurrences developed in oligo?mesotrophic shallow warm-water habitats and are characterized by distinct associations of small and larger benthic foraminifers adapted to low terrigenous influence. This study describes a number of seagrass episodes interbedded in the Bartonian (middle Eocene) of San Fausto–Lazkua area (Navarra region, North Spain), within a nearshore to inner-ramp succession that, in spite of being deposited under general transgressive conditions, was highly influenced by terrigenous supply from the adjacent land. Up to twelve different seagrass bed intervals occur interbedded in a cyclical manner with high-energy nearshore siliciclastics and inner ramp bioclastic carbonates rich in mesophotic?oligophotic foraminifers and heterozoan biota (red algae, echinoderms, bryozoans). Seagrass deposits exhibit typical unsorted textures, abundant bioturbation and moderate to high terrigenous content, and comprise a characteristic skeletal association of epiphytic foraminifers, red algae and, most particularly, of abundant encrusting acervulinids, commonly with distinct hooked and tubular growth forms. This abundance of suspension-feeders relative to autotrophs and mixotrophs may be indicative of temperate waters, although the taxonomic diversity of the foraminiferal assemblages in both seagrass and non-seagrass embedding deposits supports the interpretation of shallow, warm-water conditions. The studied seagrass deposits provide evidence that high siliciclastic supply and associated nutrient input may determine the occurrence of temperate-like seagrass deposits in warm-water settings, analogous to extensive heterozoan carbonate production in modern shallow-tropical environments. Thus, the identification and correct interpretation of past seagrass-vegetated environments are crucial for reconstructing palaeoecological conditions in ancient shallow-marine environments. Therefore, in comparison with carbonate-dominated environments, the mixed terrigenous?carbonate seagrass deposits are volumetrically less important, presenting a more irregular, patchy distribution, and a skeletal assemblage dominated by heterotrophs, regardless of the water temperature.