Carbonate and carbon isotopic evolution of groundwater contaminated by produced water brine with hydrocarbons |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan;2. Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (IAPS), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy;1. ISMAR-CNR, U.O.S. Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy;2. Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA;3. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, BIUST, Private Mail Bag 16, Plot 10071, Palapye, Botswana;4. GeoZentrum Nordbayern (GZN), Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Loewenichstr. 28, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany;5. German University of Technology in Oman (GUtech), Halban Campus, P.O. Box 1816, PC 130, Muscat, Oman;6. Università degli Studi di Padova, Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Via G. Gradenigo 6, I-35131 Padova, Italy;7. Department of Geodynamics and Sedimentology, Universität Wien, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;1. State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China;2. Department of Geography and Institute of Hazard, Risk and Resilience, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK;3. CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xian 710061, China;4. Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China;5. Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK;6. Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3100, USA;7. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA;1. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada;3. Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon, 34132, Republic of Korea;1. Kazan Federal University, Institute of Geology and Petroleum Technologies, Russia;2. Ruhr-University Bochum, Faculty for Geosciences, Institute of Geology, Mineralogy and Geophysics, Germany;3. Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Department of Geoscience, Germany |
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| Abstract: | The major ionic and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations and the stable carbon isotope composition of DIC (δ13CDIC) were measured in a freshwater aquifer contaminated by produced water brine with petroleum hydrocarbons. Our aim was to determine the effects of produced water brine contamination on the carbonate evolution of groundwater. The groundwater was characterized by three distinct anion facies: HCO3−-rich, SO42−-rich and Cl−-rich. The HCO3−-rich groundwater is undergoing closed system carbonate evolution from soil CO2(g) and weathering of aquifer carbonates. The SO42−-rich groundwater evolves from gypsum induced dedolomitization and pyrite oxidation. The Cl−-rich groundwater is contaminated by produced water brine and undergoes common ion induced carbonate precipitation. The δ13CDIC of the HCO3−-rich groundwater was controlled by nearly equal contribution of carbon from soil CO2(g) and the aquifer carbonates, such that the δ13C of carbon added to the groundwater was −11.6‰. In the SO42−-rich groundwater, gypsum induced dedolomitization increased the 13C such that the δ13C of carbon added to the groundwater was −9.4‰. In the produced water brine contaminated Cl−-rich groundwater, common ion induced precipitation of calcite depleted the 13C such that the δ13C of carbon added to the groundwater was −12.7‰. The results of this study demonstrate that produced water brine contamination of fresh groundwater in carbonate aquifers alters the carbonate and carbon isotopic evolution. |
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| Keywords: | Produced water brine Dissolved inorganic carbon Stable carbon isotopes Carbonate evolution |
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