干旱绿洲农业区村庄多功能特征与类型划分研究——以临泽县为例

村庄是最能直接体现乡村经济社会活动规律的单元,落实到村级层面的功能类型划分是分类推进乡村振兴的关键。以行政村为基本单元,采用熵权法、泰尔指数及优势功能模型,构建适用于村庄发展功能识别与类型划分的研究思路,并以西北干旱绿洲农业区临泽县为例进行实证研究。结果表明：干旱绿洲农业区总体形成以农产品生产和生态保育为主的国土空间格局,村庄形成农业种植、畜牧养殖、工业加工、商贸旅游、劳务输出、生活保障等多功能地域综合体,其中农产品生产和生活保障功能总体空间差异较小,而非农生产功能空间差异较大。村庄因资源禀赋、规划引导、政策驱动和社会需求差异形成不同的优势功能类型,空间上呈现“外围生态、沿河种植、中部农牧、临城劳务,文旅、商旅、生活保障以政府驻地及附近村庄为主”的分布规律,并形成非农生产功能镶嵌于农业生产功能之中、生产生活功能被生态保育功能包围的分布格局。通过自上而下主体功能统筹与自下而上经济社会需求相结合的方法进行村庄发展功能识别和类型划分具有较强的适用性和实践指导价值,在巩固国家主体功能定位、保障国家粮食和生态安全的同时,可以调整优化县域资源要素配置,实现村庄发展功能互补与功能协调。

Multi-functional characteristics and type division of county villages:A case of Linze County in arid oasis agricultural area

Village is the most direct unit to reflect the law of rural economic and social activities. The key to promoting rural revitalization is implementing functional classification at the village level. Taking the administrative village as the basic unit, using entropy weight method, their index, and advantage function model, this paper constructs a research idea suitable for identifying and dividing village development function. It considers Linze County, Gansu Province in the arid oasis agricultural region of northwest China as an example for empirical research. The results are as follows. The arid oasis agricultural area forms a spatial land pattern focusing on agricultural product production and ecological conservation. The villages form a multi-functional regional complex, such as agricultural planting, animal husbandry and breeding, industrial processing, business tourism, labor export, and life security. The overall spatial difference between agricultural product production and life security functions is small, whereas the spatial difference between nonagricultural production functions is large. Villages form different advantageous functional types due to differences in resource endowment, planning guidance, policy drive, and social needs. Spatially, they show the distribution law of “peripheral ecological conservation, planting on both sides of the Heihe River, animal husbandry and agriculture, and animal husbandry balance in the middle, labor preference for towns around the urban area, and government residence for agricultural tourism, business tourism, and comprehensive development”. Thus, forming a distribution pattern that focuses on agricultural production functions, inlays nonagricultural production functions, and surrounds the production and living functions with ecological conservation. Through the combination of top-down main function planning and bottom-up economic and social needs, the method of village development function identification and type division has strong applicability and practical guiding value. By consolidating the national main function orientation and ensuring the national food and ecological security, we can adjust and optimize the allocation of county resource elements to realize the complementary and coordinated functions of village development.