The influence of tortuosity on molecular diffusion in freshwater sediments of high porosity

In sediments, diffusive transport of ions and molecules is basically influenced by two sediment characteristics: tortuosity and porosity. For the first time, the formation factor F, which combines the effect of tortuosity and porosity on diffusion, was quantified in freshwater sediments at submillimeter resolution. Sediment cores were treated with KCl and F was determined using a resistivity sensor and K⁺ selective electrodes.F was determined in sediments from different water depths of the eutrophic Lake Zug (Switzerland): In sandy sediments from a shallow site (12 m depth), F increased by approximately 50% within a few millimeters below the sediment surface. In clayey and silty sediments from the oxic (<80 m depth) and seasonally anoxic (80-120 m depth) zones of the lake, the initial increase in F was only 20%. In the permanent anoxic zone (>160 m depth), F increased by only 10% just below the sediment surface. Values of F were correlated with the porosity at each depth. We found close correlations of F = 1.02 · φ^−1.81 for clay-silt sediments, and F = 1.04 · φ^−1.21 for sandy sediments. The exponents are considerably smaller in Lake Zug than found for marine sediments, thus, diffusive transport seems to be less affected by tortuosity in this freshwater system.