城市区位条件与企业区位动态研究

随着新新经济地理理论的发展,企业异质性的研究逐渐受到重视,不同效率企业的区位选择被认为是造成城市生产效率差异的重要原因。验证企业区位选择对城市生产效率的影响,以及探讨企业区位选择的城市影响要素是研究的关键问题。沿用Baldwin和Melitz等学者的研究思路,从企业区位主动选择与被动选择的视角,理解中国城市生产效率的差异及其变化,分析企业区位自选择效应的空间差异。在此基础上,采用2002-2007年的规模以上工业企业面板数据,通过建立基于企业进入、退出区位动态的回归模型,揭示企业区位自选择效应的作用机制和城市影响因素。研究发现：企业区位自选择效应确实存在,不同效率企业的主动选择和被动选择都会影响城市的生产效率。生产率较高的工业企业倾向于选择科技研发水平高、市场潜力大、产业相对集聚的城市,生产率较低的工业企业更容易因城市高昂的要素成本和激烈的行业竞争,尤其是同行企业竞争而被挤出。此外,政府的政策优惠可以吸引高效率企业进入,但这种政策倾斜也会加剧其他企业的退出。因此,提高科技水平、扩大市场规模、促进产业集聚、合理运用政策调控是提高城市竞争力的关键。

Urban characteristics and firms' location selection

With the development of the "new" New Economic Geography, firm heterogeneity has received considerable attention in academic inquiry, resulting in an extensive literature focusing on firm heterogeneity and firm-level decision-making. It is believed that the location selection effect of firms with different productivity is one of the major factors causing urban productivity variances. Based on selection effect and sorting effect by Baldwin (2006) and Melitz (2008), this paper focuses on firms' location self-selection effect and the effect of firm location on urban productivity in China, to provide empirical evidence on the impact of firms' location self-selection on urban productivity and explore the urban factors behind firms' self-selection decisions. Using firm-level data of China's industries during 2002-2008, this paper seeks to argue that the relationship between firm's location self-section and urban productivity interacts with each other. Empirical results confirm that, on the one hand, both the selection effect and sorting effect of firms' location self-selection had impacts on urban productivity. On the other hand, cities, with relatively high level of technological research and development, larger market scale and higher degree of industry agglomeration, are more attractive to high productive firm, on the contrary, are more likely to crowd out those lower productivity firm. Further analysis reveals that favorable government policy could act as an effective factor in attracting firms with high productivity while in the meantime, may also crowd out firms with lower productivity. Policy makers that seek to improve urban competitiveness in China should pay much more attention to those policies that could help to improve the urban technological level, market scale, and degree of agglomeration.