灾害范式及其历史演进

随着人类社会的发展,人类对灾害的理解发生了很大的变化,灾害范式也在不断的演进,可以归纳为：荒政范式、工程范式、行为范式、社会范式和可持续范式5种灾害范式。通过分析这些灾害范式形成的社会历史背景、灾害的基本观点、关注的主要问题以及减灾防灾的主要对策和措施,得出以下结论：① 在人类社会历史进程中,人们对灾害的认识和理解是逐步深化和发展的;② 灾害范式与减灾实践的发展是互动生成的;③ 范式的产生与转变都有深刻的社会动因;④ 一定时期,存在一定的主流灾害范式,但其他灾害范式的影响依然存在。

Hazard Paradigms and Their Historical Evolution

Markedly, our understanding of hazard has changed with history, and the hazard paradigm is also in the process of evolution. Based on different hazard concepts and human reaction, there are five hazard paradigms recognized as following: famine policy paradigm, engineering paradigm, behavioral paradigm, social vulnerability paradigm and sustainable paradigm. Famine policy paradigm originated from the pre-Qin period of China, which of main features are as following: Catastrophes are created by nature; Disaster alleviation is main responsibility of the government represented by the emperor; The policy of benevolence is the principal implementing policy against natural disasters. In the 20th century, engineering paradigm was the mainstream paradigm in the world. This paradigm concerns those issues such as the regularities of natural disasters occurrence; the strength and frequency of the potential natural disasters in different region; and the methods of disasters resistance for protection. In the 1930s, behavioral paradigm appeared in the western developed countries. The main points of this paradigm are as following: human perceptions and behaviors influence the consequences of natural disasters, but disaster is a natural process primarily; The principal goal of disasters management is resistance extreme events through project management control; The basic preventive measures include improving disasters early warning for short-term and preparation better land-use planning for long-term. Social vulnerability paradigm came from experience of some western scholars in the developing countries in the 1970s. They discovered the developing countries suffered enormously from natural disasters. They thought the main cause of disaster is human behavior rather than nature and technology development. According to social vulnerability paradigm, the disasters reduction depends on the social- economic and political reform. Sustainable paradigm was growing up as a new inspiration at end of 20th century. This paradigm examines the essence of disaster from view of complex interaction between human society and natural environment. The basic principles of disaster reduction are to maintain and improve the quality of natural environment and living condition of people, to ensure the justice that the same and different generations have the same right to enjoy the resources and environment and the publicaction based on common; to promote regional sustainable development through integrated capacity-building of regional disaster risk management. The final goal of the paradigm is establishment sustainable society and achievement of human coexistence. The author analyzes the five paradigms’ formation of social and historical background, the principal issues, the main points and measures of disaster reduction, the conclusions are as follows: 1) Recognition and understanding of hazards and disasters is deepening and developing gradually through human history; 2) Development of hazard paradigm and practice of disaster reduction are mutual influence; 3) The generation and transformation of paradigms are impacted by social factors deeply; 4) Individual hazard paradigm often rises to dominance for a period of time, but the impact of other paradigms is still exist.