殷墟地区土壤剖面孢粉组合特征及环境意义*

安阳地区3个土壤剖面孢粉分析揭示了殷墟文化前后的环境背景。取自安阳市区的茶店陂剖面灰黑色古土壤层(3400cal.aB.P.之前)孢粉组合是以乔木植物花粉为主,推测当时茶店陂剖面所在的安阳市附近是含常绿树的落叶阔叶林植被;取自安阳市东南20余公里广润陂的"广1"和"广2"两剖面孢粉组合特征相近,都以中湿生草本植物花粉为主,表明广润陂地区是以中湿生草本植物为主的草地和湿地景观,显示了与安阳市区不同的植被特征。古土壤层上部出现较高含量的禾本科花粉和中华卷柏孢子,反映当时安阳市附近已有人类定居并从事农业生产活动,森林植被已遭受人类砍伐破坏。黑色古土壤面以上地层(3400cal.aB.P.以后)是殷墟建都,殷商文化空前发展时期的沉积,孢粉组合中乔木花粉显著减少,表明殷商先人为了满足都城建设和生活需要,对安阳市周边的森林进行了大规模地砍伐和破坏。此后,乔木植物花粉含量进一步减少,中华卷柏孢子含量不断增加,可能反映了人类活动对安阳市及周边森林植被不断加剧的破坏过程。

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES OF THE YIN RUINS AREA BASED ON POLLEN ANALYSIS

In order to understand the origin, flourishing and declining of the Yin Dynasty better, pollen analysis of three randomly disturbed natural soil profiles (Chadianpo, Guang 1 and Guang 2) have been derived near the sites of the Yin Ruins. The lithology of the profiles are similar, all consisting of grey-black paleo-soil layers formed before the Yin Dynasty at the bottom, and the upper different-colored sub-clay layers formed after the Yin Dynasty. Pollen assemblage of the gray-black paleo-soil in the Chadianpo profile was dominated (more than 60%) by arboreal pollen, such as Pinus, Juglans, Betula and so on. Pollen of herbs which was dominate by Artemisia, Compositae and Gramineae was much lower, no more than 30% in general. It implies that the paleo-vegetation in the vicinity of Anyang City was warm deciduous broad-leaved forest. The pollen assemblages of Guang 1 and Guang 2 in the Guangrunpo which is about 20km away to the southeast of the Anyang City, were similar to each other and both were dominated by herb pollen of mesophytes and hygrophytes, such as Typha, Cyperaceae, and Ranunculaceae, revealing that the paleo-vegetations were mainly marsh and grassland, which was different from the vicinity of the Anyang City at that time. Although the profiles of Guang 1 and Guang 2 are close to each other (only 1.6km apart), there were little differences between the pollen assemblages of the two profiles. There were much more mesophyte and hygrophyte herb pollen types like Cyperaceae and Ranunculaceae in Guang 2, which indicates that it was a little lower in elevation and much wetter than the location of Guang 1. In the upper parts of the gray-black paleo-soil, there were increasing contents of Gramineae and Selaginella sinensis pollen, which reveals that ancient humans have already dwelled here at that time, and the forests in the vicinity might have been destroyed by human activities. Above the gray-black paleo-soil in the Chadianpo profile, the arboreal pollen diminished sharply, rightly at the flourishing time of the Yin culture, suggesting a serious deforestation by ancient citizen for the construction of the city and daily life. A similar phenomenon could be found in the two profiles of Guangrunpo, the contents of arboreal pollen also decreased sharply at the boundary between the gray-black paleo-soil and the upper parts. The later diminishing of arboreal pollen and increasing of Selaginella sinensis from the three profiles revealed the process of the deforestation in Anyang and the western mountain areas.