A dominant role for protons at the onset of solar flares

The energetics of the onset of the impulsive phase of solar flares are examined on the premise that a single acceleration mechanism is operating in the corona. From considerations of recent observations of plasma turbulence and upflows, and nuclear gamma-rays it is concluded that a model where the bulk of the energy resides in a non-thermal electron beam with a low energy cut-off at 20–25 keV is incompatible with many of the observations. Conversely, a model where the bulk of the energy resides in non-thermal protons is consistent with the majority, if not all, of the observations. It is suggested that the bulk of the energy in the impulsive phase is initially transferred to 10²–10³ keV protons. Acceleration by a series of small shocks is an energy transfer mechanism which gives particles increments in velocity rather than energy and would naturally favour protons over electrons. An important consequence of this result is that the hard X-ray burst must be thermal. At this time the precise mechanism for thermal X-ray production is unclear; however recent theoretical plasma physics results have indicated promising avenues of research in this context.