中国近海猿头蛤科的研究

猿头蛤科(Chamidae)的种类生活在热带和亚热带海洋中，利用左壳或右壳固着在潮间带下部的岩石或珊瑚的表面和缝隙中生活，分布深度可达250米。在有强击岸浪的开阔性岩石海岸或珊瑚礁区，猿头蛤的固着基很坚实，贝壳的固着面也大，壳面的棘和鳞片发达，但较钝，其表面常附着海藻和其它生物。在平静的内湾，猿头蛤固着或不固着，壳面披着一层极厚的海藻、苔藓虫或其它生物，原来壳面上的棘或鳞片变得很不规则，甚至被外来物完全披覆。 Lamarck(1818)根据猿头蛤壳顶部的旋转方向，把利用左壳固着、壳顶右旋的称为正规型，而把右壳固着、壳顶左旋的称为反转型。在有些种，同一种中的个体既有用左壳也有用右壳固着者，所以这一分类法没有受到重视。Odhner(1919)研究了猿头蛤的形态和分类的关系，对正规型和反转型的标本进行了比较解剖，他把反转型的种类归并为一个属——拟猿头蛤属(Pseudochama)。Reeve(1847)在猿头蛤的专论中记载55种，其中有75%的种类是左壳固着、壳顶右旋的。Lischke(1870) 发表4个日本海的猿头蛤新种。Clessin(1889)在猿头蛤的系统研究中发表78种。Lamy(1927)在“巴黎自然史博物馆猿头蛤的订正”一文中发表40种和8个变种。Habe(1964)报道日本产的猿头蛤3属16种。 我国沿海猿头蛤的记载较少，Reeve(1847)认为Chama lobata应分布于中国外海；Angas记载过产于香港的Chama fragum; Kuroda报道Chama lazarus，Chama lobata，Chama ostoma, Chama brassica, Chama divaricata, Chama reflexa, Chama jukesi和Chama (Pseuidochama) retroversa等8种分布于我国台湾省；张玺等发表了Chama lobata, Chama lazaru和Chama dunkeri等3种。 中国科学院海洋研究所于1954-1963年在浙江、福建、广东和广西沿海采到不少猿头蛤标本，1958年全国近海综合调查又补充了许多南海的拖网标本，共150号。经鉴定共10种，分隶于二个属。

STUDIES ON THE CHAMIDAE (BIVALVIA) OFF THE CHINA COAST

The present paper is a systematic study of our Chamidae (Mollusca) fauna. Ten species belonging to 2 genera are described, viz.: Chama lazarus Linnaeus, Chama dunkeri Lischke, Chama fragum Reeve, Chama jukesi Reeve, Chama brassica Reeve, Chama semipurpurata Lischke, Chama lobata Broderip, Chama iostoma Conrad, Chama reflexa Reeva and Pseudochama retroversa (Lischke). With the exception of one species (marked with an asterisk) which is the first record for our seas, all the rest have been previously recorded by Chinese as well as by foreign authors. As regards their geographical distribution, with the exception of Pseudochama retroversa which is found to occur only in Pingtan Island and Xiamen of Fujian province and in Taiwan province, the other species are distributed much farther south. Chama lazarus, C. dunkeri, C. fragum, C. lobata, C. brassica, C. iostoma and C. reflexa are found abundantly distributed down to the southern tip of Hainan Island, while C. jukesi and C. semipurpurata are found as far as the Xisha Islands. Of these ten species, C. reflexa is distributed as far north as the Tachen Island of Zhejiang province.