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Vertical transport in the ocean due to sub-mesoscale structures: Impacts in the Kerguelen region
Affiliation:1. Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia;2. Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia;3. School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales Canberra at the Australian Defence Force Academy, Australian Capital Territory, Australia;4. Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia;5. Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;6. CSIRO Wealth from Oceans Research Flagship, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia;7. ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;1. Department of Oceanography, Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa;2. ASL Environmental Sciences Inc., 6703 Rajpur Place, Victoria, BC, Canada V8M 1Z5;3. GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany;4. Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observatory, CSIR, PO Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa;1. School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;2. Institute of Marine Research, Box 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway;3. Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;4. Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UIT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway;5. College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33620, USA;6. School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA;7. Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway;8. Institut de Ciències del Mar-CSIC, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona 08003, Spain;9. Pomona College, Department of Biology, Claremont, CA 91711, USA;10. Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA;11. British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United Kingdom;12. Akvaplan-niva, Fram Centre, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway;13. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA;14. Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, D-27515 Bremerhaven, Germany;1. Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom;2. Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, United Kingdom;1. National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Headland Sada, Goa, India;2. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, India;1. College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, China;2. Department of Atmosphere and Ocean Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China;1. CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Crawley, WA, Australia;2. IMAS, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia;3. ARC Centre of Excellence in Climate Extremes, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia;4. State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
Abstract:The summertime phytoplankton bloom near the Kerguelen Plateau is in marked contrast to the low-chlorophyll conditions typical of the Southern Ocean and is thought to arise from natural iron fertilisation. The mechanisms of iron supply to the euphotic zone in this region are poorly understood, and numerical studies of iron transport have until now omitted fine-scale (sub-mesoscale) dynamics which have been shown to significantly increase vertical transport in other parts of the ocean.We present the first sub-mesoscale-resolving study of the flow and vertical transport in this region. The modelled transport and flow structure agree well with observations. We find that an increase in horizontal resolution from mesoscale-resolving (1/20°) to 1/80° resolves sub-mesoscale filamentary frontal structures in which vertical velocities are dramatically higher and are consistent with available observations. Lagrangian tracking shows that water is advected to the surface from much greater depth in the sub-mesoscale-resolving experiment, and that vertical exchange is far more rapid and frequent. This study of sub-mesoscale vertical velocities sets the foundation for subsequent investigation of iron transport in this environment.
Keywords:Lagrangian particle  Mesoscales  Vertical velocity  Southern Ocean
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