稀土矿床：基本特点与全球分布规律

本文介绍了全球稀土资源供需历史、现状和对未来的展望。从矿床成因视角切入，将稀土矿床分为内生和外生两大类型，其中内生稀土矿床包括碳酸岩型、碱性岩型、碱性岩型- 碳酸岩型、氧化铁铜金型、热液脉型，外生稀土矿床包括风化壳离子吸附型、沉积岩型、沉积矿产(煤矿、铝土矿和沉积磷矿)伴生型、砂矿和现代海洋底部含稀土的锰结核、结壳和软泥型。归纳总结了主要类型矿床的基本特点和时空分布；认为内生稀土矿床产出于四类构造环境，包括裂谷环境、碰撞后伸展环境、大陆碰撞环境和后俯冲伸展环境；从构造演化入手，探讨了在外生与内生地质过程中稀土元素的迁移和富集规律，建立了涵盖主要矿床类型的构造- 成矿模型。

REE deposits: basic characteristics and global metallogeny

This paper introduces the global supply and demand history of rare earth resources. According to the ore genesis, the REE deposits can be divided into endogenic and exogenic types. The endogenic REE deposits include carbonate type, alkaline rock type, alkaline rock- carbonate type, iron oxide Cu- Au type, and hydrothermal vein type. The exogenic REE deposits include weathering crust ion- adsorption type, sedimentary rock type, sedimentary mineral (coal, bauxite, and sedimentary phosphate) associated type, placer- type, and modern deep- sea mud type. The basic characteristics and spatial and temporal distribution of the main REE deposit types are summarized as follows. The endogenic REE deposits form in four of tectonic environments, including rift environment, post- collision extension environment, continental collision environment and post- subduction extension environment. Based on the tectonic evolution, the migration and enrichment regularity of REEs in the endogenic and exogenic geological processes are discussed.