Geochemical characterization,its controlling factors,and comparison between the upstream and downstream segments of the Himalayan Satluj River basin,India |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 247667, India;2. National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee 247667, India;1. Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India;2. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India;3. Department of Earth Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India;1. University of Wroc?aw, Institute of Geological Sciences, Department of General Hydrogeology, Cybulskiego Street 32, 50-205 Wroc?aw, Poland;2. University of Wroc?aw, Institute of Geological Sciences, Department of Applied Geology, Geochemistry and Environment Management, Cybulskiego Street 30, 50-205 Wroc?aw, Poland;1. State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China;2. School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China;3. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Geodynamics and Geohazards, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;4. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China;5. Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China;1. Laboratório de Estudos Tectônicos (LESTE), Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Campus JK, MGT 367, Km 583, n° 5000 Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, MG 39100-000, Brazil;2. Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Bauxita, Ouro Preto, MG, 35.400-000. Brazil;1. Planetary Chemistry Laboratory, Dept. of Earth & Planetary Sciences and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63130, USA;2. Materials and Structures Division, NASA Glenn Research Center/HX5, 21000 Brookpark Road, Cleveland, OH 44135, USA |
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| Abstract: | Satluj River Basin (SRB) has special economic significance, representing the country's most incredible hydro-structure with fresh water, a primary source of irrigation and hydroelectric power in Northern India. Therefore, SRB's geochemical characterization is vital for hydropower and agricultural sustainability. This study provides a preliminary characterization of the hydrogeochemical processes controlling the natural water evolution in SRB by observing the spatial variation and qualitative assessment of solute chemistry (major ions and trace/heavy elements) in the Satluj river, associated tributaries, and groundwater. Hydrochemical characteristics displayed the predominance of geogenic weathering processes with carbonates dissolution and silicate weathering as end members that could explain all the geochemical variability within the SRB. The results reveal that the chemical signature of the upstream segment is possibly influenced more by carbonate weathering than silicate weathering, and the trends reverse in the downstream section with the increasing influence of silicate weathering. Dissolved heavy metals (HMs) such as Mn, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb showed large fluctuations among upstream and downstream sampling sites, indicating diverse environmental conditions. Human health risk assessment (HHRA) studies revealed less or no potential noncarcinogenic via HMs, except for the downstream stretch of tributaries inferring increased non-cancerous risk. Moreover, the HHRA with HMs (Cr, As, Cd, and Pb) manifested high carcinogenic risks for adults and children across the SRB. The finding of this study could be the baseline dataset for assessing the future status, effective management, and better utilization of water resources of the SRB. |
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