Colloidal and polymeric nature of fossil amber |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Polymer Engineering and Technology Division, Wrocław University of Science and Technology (WrUST), Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland;2. Laser and Fiber Electronics Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, (WrUST), Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland;1. Department of Civil Engineering, Munzur University, Aktuluk Campus, 62000 Tunceli, Turkey;2. Department of Civil Engineering, Inonu University, 44280 Malatya, Turkey;3. Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Tunceli Vocation School, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkey;4. Rare Earth Elements Application and Research Center, Munzur University, 62000 Tunceli, Turkey;1. Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal;2. Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, I.P., Lisboa, Portugal;3. Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, (INIAV), I.P., Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal;4. Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal;5. Instituto de Polímeros e Compósitos/I3N, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Azurém, Guimarães, Portugal;6. IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Universidade do Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal;7. REQUIMTE/LAQV (Rede de Química e Tecnologia/Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde), Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal;1. University of Rostock, Institute of Biological Sciences, Marine Biology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, D-18059, Rostock, Germany;2. Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestrasse 15, D-18119, Rostock, Germany;3. Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, and Utrecht University, Korringaweg 7, 4401, NT, Yerseke, Netherlands;1. Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bankok, Thailand 10900;2. Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food, KU Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bankok, Thailand (CASAF, NRU-KU, Thailand), 10900;3. Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bankok, Thailand 10900;4. Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 3 Ga 26, Pildong, Junggu, Seoul 100-715, South Korea |
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| Abstract: | Fossilized ambers from several geographical origins, copal from the Kauri pine tree of New Zealand and modern white spruce tree resin have been analyzed by the following analytical techniques: dynamic light scattering, optical and scanning electron microscopy, gel permeation chromatography, IR spectroscopy, rheology and viscometry. The results dispute the prevailing view that amber is largely an insoluble, continuously crosslinked, integral polymer network. Rather, the data indicate that a large portion of amber consists of insoluble though solvent-swellable colloidal particles, ranging from submicron to multimicron in size, which can be dispersed in organic solvents such as N,N-dimethyl-formamide. The presence of colloidal particles in fossil amber, copal and even fresh resin suggests a mechanism for resin exudation involving the presence or formation of discrete ‘packets’ of resin, where the surface of each packet has been modified by the interaction with oxygen and water. |
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