Single-station narrowband ranging of active storm cells without lightning-type discrimination |
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| Authors: | Jakke S. Mäkelä Niko Porjo Joni Jantunen Tom Ahola Antti Mäkelä Tapio Tuomi Vernon Cooray |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Nokia Devices, PO Box 86, 24101 Salo, Finland;2. Nokia Research Center, Helsinki, Finland;3. Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland;4. Division for Electricity and Lightning Research, Ångström Laboratory, University of Uppsala, Sweden;1. Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy;2. Technical Unit of Seismic Engineering, ENEA Centre, Bologna, Italy;1. State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, PR China;2. Applied Mechanics and Structure Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Mechanics and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, PR China;1. University of Bologna, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Environmental Science UOS, via Sant’Alberto 163, I-48123 Ravenna, RA, Italy;2. Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Geociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91509-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil;3. Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Geociências, Centro de Estudos de Geologia Costeira e Oceânica, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91509-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | We present a statistical technique for ranging the edges of active storms cell using a very simple narrowband receiver tuned to 1 MHz (the MW band in radio, just below HF frequencies). We show that a principle based on the “30–30 rule” can be used to define practical warning levels. From the measurements carried out in Finland, we show that the narrowband source intensities of cloud-to-ground lightning vary log-normally; this results in a ranging uncertainty of about 20%, which can be reduced if a suitable floating average is used. Based on one storm, we suggest that the differences between intra-cloud and ground-to-cloud signals at 1 MHz are small enough to make an IC–CG discrimination. Eliminating such a discrimination allows all lightning impulses to be used in the range and improves the accuracy, since more flashes are then available as inputs into the distance-estimation algorithm. Although the system is only validated against a single storm, we provide definitions by which this and other narrowband detectors could be independently verified; existing narrowband devices have not been verified in this manner, due in part to a lack of such standardized definitions. |
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