利用河流阶地限定活动逆断层相关褶皱晚第四纪变形机制和速率：方法与认识

发育在褶皱区的河流阶地作为一种发育广泛、易于定年的被动变形的地貌标志物，已越来越多地被应用到活动逆断层相关褶皱晚第四纪变形的研究中；结合前生长地层和生长地层，可限定褶皱缩短总量和变形起始时间等参数，恢复从开始生长至晚第四纪以来完整的生长演化历史。文中对正弦曲线状和尖棱状弯滑褶皱模型、经典断弯褶皱模型和纯剪切断顶褶皱模型进行了总结和讨论。这些模型的提出为限定褶皱变形提供了很好的方法，但不能完全概括自然界中的褶皱模型，这就需要更多的野外地质、数值模拟和实验模拟工作。

USING DEFORMED FLUVIAL TERRACES TO CONSTRAIN GROWTH MECHANISM AND RATES OF THRUST RELATED FOLD：METHODS AND RECOGNITION

The foreland basin of contractional orogen commonly occurs in thrust related fold. Quantitative constraint on fold's growing process is important to understand the spatial and temporal evolution of orogens, and for seismic hazard assessment and hydrocarbon resource prospect evaluation. Fluvial terrace, as a kind of widely distributed, easy dating and passively deformed geomorphic marker, is more and more applied to defining the growth mechanism and rates of active folds. Combining deformed fluvial terrace with pre-growth and growth strata, we can acquire the total shortening and the initiation age, and retrieve the whole evolving history of a fold.Based on geometry and kinematical characteristics, thrust related fold can be classified into fault bend fold, fault propagation fold and detachment fold. As occurred on the tip of a fault, the fault propagation fold and detachment fold are generally named fault tip fold. According to different stress situation, folding deformation includes no shear, simple shear and pure shear, and displays as two end-member models: kink band migration and limb rotation. In different models, the fluvial terrace shows different deformation characteristics, which can be used to distinguish the models.We summarized and discussed how to use deformed terraces to constrain the shortening rates and uplift rates of the sinusoidal and chevron flexural-slip fold, classical fault bend fold, as well as pure shear fault tip fold, and briefly introduced the conception of fold scarp. However, the natural fold is usually formed by combination of different mechanisms, which is much more complicated than the models mentioned. Therefore, the future study should be concentrated on modeling the fold produced by different mechanisms, rather than only one mechanism. In addition, we mentioned three different types of fold scarps: fold scarp occurring in classical fault bend fold and fold scarp formed by kink band migration and limb rotation in detachment fold.