珊瑚礁生态修复的理论与实践

南海乃至全球的珊瑚礁生态系统都处于快速退化中，珊瑚礁的生态修复因此成为社会关注的热点内容，但相关理论与技术仍在探索之中。保护珊瑚礁的生态环境、避免对珊瑚礁进一步的破坏无疑是最关键的策略。对于已退化珊瑚礁的修复，初步有以下认识：1）珊瑚移植是重要的技术手段，可通过对移植后的珊瑚进行损伤组织修复、重建免疫系统、改变共生体虫黄藻系群结构等增强移植珊瑚适应新环境的能力。2）园艺式养殖、养殖箱培养等是提供珊瑚移植对象的相对有效途径；人工鱼礁则是协助珊瑚建立发育基底的重要手段；营造和维持适合珊瑚生长的环境有助于提高珊瑚礁生态修复成效。3）可借助水流扩散、幼虫附着和变态行为的化学诱导、微地形对幼虫附着的帮助等可促进珊瑚浮浪幼虫的传播和存活。4）通过杂交等手段改变珊瑚及其共生虫黄藻的基因类型，提升珊瑚对环境的耐受能力和恢复潜力等技术则仍处于实验室试验阶段。

Review on Ecological Restoration Theories and Practices of Coral Reefs

Coral reefs are degraded rapidly by the global warming and large-scale human activities around the world, especially in the South China Sea (SCS). Coral reef restoration has caught the attentions of researchers and volunteers in recent years. Related theories and technologies are to be developed, but undoubtedly, the most important strategy is to protect the eco-environment of coral reefs to avoid further damage. For coral reef restoration, coral transplantation is a promising way. After corals are transplanted, the damaged tissues can be repaired in a few days, the immune system can be rebuilt, and the symbiont (zooxanthellae) community structure can be changed to enhance coral’s adaptation to the new environment. Gardening and captive breeding are effective ways to provide transplantation materials while artificial reefs are an important means to help establish coral development base. Creating and maintaining the growth environment for corals can help to raise the efficiency of ecological restoration. Spread and survival of coral larva can be promoted with the help of favorable water flow, chemical induction and microtopography. The environment-tolerant capacity and recovery potential of corals and they symbiotic zooxanthellae can be improved using molecular technologies. Coral restoration technologies including coral transplantation, gardening, artificial reefs, coral repair and captive coral breeding can be employed effectively in lots of areas.