From natural hazard to environmental catastrophe: Past and present |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Monitoring, Adam Mickiewicz University, Dzięgielowa 27, 61-680 Poznań, Poland;2. Department of Biogeography and Paleoecology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Dzięgielowa 27, 61-680 Poznań, Poland;3. Institute of Plant Sciences and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland;4. Department of Environmental Resources and Geohazards, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kopernika 19, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;5. GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 5.2–Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany;6. Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland;1. Environmental Futures Centre, School of Environment, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia;2. School of Engineering, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia;3. School of Environment, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia;1. Instituto Nacional de Antropología y Pensamiento Latinoamericano (INAPL), 3 de Febrero 1378, Buenos Aires 1426, Argentina;2. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), INAPL, Argentina;1. Odense University Hospital Svendborg, Medical Research Department, Valdemarsgade 53, 5700 Svendborg, Denmark;2. Conrad Research Center, University College Lillebelt, Niels Bohrs Allé 1, 5230 Odense M, Denmark;3. Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Division of Image Processing, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands;4. Medis Medical Imaging Systems B.V, Schuttersveld 9, 2300 AJ Leiden, The Netherlands;5. Odense University Hospital, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000 Odense C, Denmark;6. University of Southern Denmark, Centre of Health Economics Research, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark;7. Århus University Hospital, Department of Clinical Engineering, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, 8200 Århus N, Denmark |
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| Abstract: | The number of environmental catastrophes is rising, mostly owing to an increase in hydrometeorological hazards. The number of disasters is escalating as the world population grows and people settle in marginal areas. In order to improve preparedness, the geological and archaeological records must be investigated as they hold a wider range of possible events than the much shorter instrumental record. Catastrophes will gain amplitude with rapid onset, long duration, larger affected area, inflexible society and, of course, convergence of threats. Too often, it seems that today's societies resist learning from the past and therefore tend to repeat errors. A new field of science is emerging: the science of environmental catastrophes, which requires not only robust chronologies to firmly link cause and effect, but also bridges the crossing between the geosciences and social sciences. |
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