城市老年人居家养老满意度的影响因子与社区差异

针对社区居家养老服务供给滞后、设施及服务功能单一、布局不合理等问题,基于北京市区内6 类典型社区的问卷调查数据,运用结构方程模型,构建了包含老年人居住环境因子在内的城市老年人居家养老满意度模型;并引入社会学及心理学常用的结构方程模型多群组分析(SEM Multiple-Group Analysis) 方法,以分析不同社区内各个老年特征群体的不同养老需求。分析结果表明：① 老年人的社会支持度(指来自家庭、朋友、邻里和社会的各种支援) 构成居家养老满意度的首要影响因子;② 社区养老服务发展程度对居家养老满意度的影响广泛而显著;③ 按照不同社区的居家养老模型及其影响路径特征,可将城市居住社区划分为居住环境影响型社区、基本因子影响型社区、社会环境影响型社区、社会环境+居住环境影响型社区等4 种类型,不同类型社区的老年人在居家养老需求方面具有显著差异。以上结果揭示了提升对老人的社会支持度的重要意义以及因地制宜完善社区居家养老服务的迫切性。

Home care satisfaction analysis of aging urban Chinese populations: Potential factors and community difference analysis

Social (i.e., community) service capacity in China is lagging behind the growing population of urban elderly residents. This is exhibited by both low-function diversity and unreasonable distribution. This paper provides an analysis of the potential factors and the community differences in the home-caring satisfaction of the elderly, based on a questionnaire survey among six typical communities in Beijing. Using a structural equation modeling approach, a home-caring satisfaction model of Chinese urban elderly people is developed, which is comprehensive and hierarchical and includes the health, economic, social support, living environment, as well as, other indices. The results indicated that: (1) "social support" is the primary determinant factor of the satisfaction of the elderly, the importance of local access to communication and community activities was highlighted for the aged and "empty-nest" people; (2) To what extent, the community service for elderly people is developed, has widely and markedly influenced the degree of life satisfaction of elderly; (3) With community type as grouping variable, multiple group analysis was conducted to clarify the effect paths of endogenous variables in the satisfaction models. According to this, four types of communities were identified which have significant differences in elderly home-caring demand with each other. Finally, this paper demonstrates the importance of enhancing the social support for the elderly and the urgency to improve the community home-caring service for elderly people.