地理综合思维的认知结构及其检验——基于高中生样本的研究

地理综合思维是解决地理问题的基本思维,其概念的界定和结构的明晰关系到地理学领域综合思维应用的规范性,也影响着地理教育领域综合思维培养方向的正确性。论文基于地理综合思维主流的要素综合、时空综合、地方综合三维分类,尝试对细分小类进行组合,形成了6种地理综合思维认知结构模型假说。以高中学生为样本,运用地理综合思维测量量表获得学生的地理综合思维水平数据,采用探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析方法,对地理综合思维的认知结构假说进行检验。结果发现结构假说与数据拟合不够理想。讨论认为要素综合、时空综合、地方综合是地理综合思维外在的形式认知结构,它们表征了地理综合思维全面、系统、动态的思维特征,而体现心理发展本质的地理综合思维内在认知结构有待进一步研究和确立。

Cognitive structure testing of the geographical synthetic thinking:Based on the samples of senior high school students

Geographical synthetic thinking is the basic thinking for solving geographical problems. The concept definition and structural substantiation of this type of synthetic thinking are related to the standardization of its application in geographical research, as well as the correct cultivation direction of students' geographical synthetic thinking in geographical education. This study is an attempt to recombine subdivided categories and formulate cognitive structure model hypotheses of geographical synthetic thinking based on the three mainstream categories of factor synthesis, spatiotemporal synthesis, and regional synthesis. In this study, six cognitive structure model hypotheses of geographical synthetic thinking were formulated. Then the geographical synthetic thinking scale was compiled and was repeatedly revised and tested in 2017. The test results demonstrate that the scale has high reliability and good content validity. A scale structure test can be further carried out to verify the structure hypotheses of geographical synthetic thinking. From 2018 to 2020, the authors used the geographical synthetic thinking scale to collect the geographical synthetic thinking level data of 2,793 student samples from eight high schools in Shanghai Municipality and Jiangsu, Hubei, and Guizhou provinces. The samples were widely distributed and were representative. Using the exploratory factor analysis method in SPSS 23.0 software and the confirmatory factor analysis method in AMOS 22.0 software, the cognitive structure hypotheses of geographical synthetic thinking was tested. The structures extracted by exploratory factor analysis are dissimilar to the six structures in the hypotheses, while the main fitting indices of confirmatory factor analysis reflect that the six structure hypotheses and data fitting are not ideal. These results indicate that factor synthesis, spatiotemporal synthesis, and regional synthesis are external forms of the cognitive structure of geographical synthetic thinking, which represent the synthetic, systematic, and dynamic thinking characteristics of this type of thought. The internal cognitive structure of geographical synthetic thinking that reflects the essence of psychological development needs further study to be correctly established.