空间正义视角下乡村权的概念框架与比较研究

“乡村权”概念是近年空间正义研究在乡村地域进行理论延伸与实践检验的新领域,其通过揭示以土地为空间媒介的乡村权利剥夺现象,批判性分析乡村空间资源分配和空间生产过程中出现的非正义问题。延续激进地理学视角,文章聚焦“乡村土地”与“村民身份”两大问题,基于突尼斯、印度、黎巴嫩等南方国家,以及英国、法国、意大利等北方国家的案例,揭示村民在生产、生活及意识层面所处的非正义境况（即“被迫非农化”）,并探寻村民为寻求空间正义所采取的个人或集体抗争方式（即“自发再农化”）。通过案例比较发现：1）南方国家与北方国家的乡村案例表现出的被迫非农化现象具有共性,其本质都是资本剥削导致的乡村土地和村民身份被剥夺;2）南方和北方国家的自发再农化手段存在差异,南方国家的村民主要采取法律途径或极端方式,北方国家则依托自上而下的国家政策保障与自下而上的地方能力建设。进而,归纳出乡村权三大内涵,即“占有权（拥有农地并进行农业生产）”“定居权（以村民的生活方式生活在乡村）”“参与权（自主决定是否非农化）”。最后,建议在中国乡村振兴中,通过科学知识共享、社区学习与合作等方式提升村民自身能力,实现村民在乡村空间占有、定居、参与的...

The Conceptual Framework and a Comparative Study of the Right to the Village in the Search for Spatial Justice

The concept of the right to the village (RTV) is a recent extension of the Spatial Justice theory, i.e., the right to the city in particular, into the rural context, which critically reveals and investigates the deprivation of spatial rights in the allocation of spatial resources (mainly land) and the production of rural spaces. By adopting the critical perspective of radical geographers, this study conceptualizes the RTV through focusing on power struggles in the possessing of rural land and in the defense and redefining of villagers' identity. This study was based on a review of the case studies of countries in the Global South, i.e., Tunisia, India, and Lebanon, as well as those of countries in the Global North, i.e., Great Britain, France, and Italy. Firstly, the study critically examined the difficult situations of villagers in maintaining their production system, living environment, and state-of-mind in expanding urban territory and mindset, using the term forced depeasantization. Secondly, it explored the individual or collective struggles of villagers in the search for spatial justice, which was termed voluntary repeasantization, including actively striving for land rights and interests using formal or informal means and silently guarding their identity as farmers explicitly and implicitly. By comparing available case studies, analysis revealed that the forced depeasantization in the Global South and Global North share one common aspect, in which the essence of all is the deprivation of rural land and villagers' identity caused by capitalist exploitation. Meanwhile, their experiences are different in terms of voluntary repeasantization adopted in contexts. In the Global South, villagers choose to demonstrate their rights through legal channels or extreme ways, while in the Global North, villagers assert their rights by relying on top-down national policy and bottom-up local capacity-building. Thirdly, this study summarized the theoretical framework of the RTV, which lays out the three pillars of the RTV, which are appropriation (the right to own land and carry out agricultural production), inhabitation (the right to live in the countryside in the villagers' lifestyle), and participation (the right to decide whether to quit agriculture) of rural spaces. Last, but not least, this study attempted to apply the RTV to domestic rural issues. The findings suggest that, in China, the guarantee of top-down national policy is the most important way to seek spatial justice in rural areas. However, villagers' rights to appropriate, inhabit, and participate in rural development are just as important as anywhere else in the revitalization of rural China. Therefore, it is advised that knowledge sharing, community learning, and participatory decision-making should be emphasized in rural policy, as key practical methods to embody the farmers' principal position in the process.