海洋本体论及其视角下的南海海洋国土治理研究

长期以来海洋位于社会边缘,海洋治理不可避免地陷入陆地中心主义。本文在批判海洋国土治理背后的陆地本体及其领土化逻辑的基础上,将海洋重新概念化为体积空间与动态时间邂逅的四维时空,指出海洋具有多维性、流动性、非线性和非客体的特点,并以此构建了以体积国土、流动国土、能动国土为特征的海洋国土分析框架,进而将其运用于南海海洋国土治理的理论和政策认知,重构了长期桎梏于陆地规范的“时间、空间和运动”观念,回应了文化和政治地理学的新唯物主义取向。研究认为：① 在南海的体积管控上,岛礁扩建是有效的策略。岛礁扩建使体积海洋折叠为二维领土,以偏平化控制三维空间,改变了南海的地理和空间性质;② 在南海的流动性管控上,因海洋的流体、尺度和深度特征,以及法律边界模糊性,加剧了维护南海海上安全的复杂性,需要考虑与之匹配的管控非法流动性的监管策略;③ 在南海的能动管控上,需要关注渔民独特的生态伦理思想,海洋保护需要考虑不同本体间的对话和信息转译,使保护行为更加紧密地融入到本土社会文化情境中。本文为海洋国土治理提供了来自政治地理学的批判性视角,同时对人文地理学的人海关系研究亦是积极的推动。

"Marine ontology" and marine territorial governance in South China Sea

For a long time, the ocean has been located at the edge of the society, and the ocean governance inevitably falls into the terrain-centrism. This paper criticized the marine territorial governance of terrestrial ontology and its territorial logic, and constructed the ocean as a four-dimensional space-time where volume space meets dynamic time. It pointed out that the ocean was multi-dimensional, fluid, nonlinear and non-objective, and constructs a framework for analyzing the ocean territory, which is characterized by volume territory, mobile territory and dynamic territory. Furthermore, it is applied to the theory and policy cognition of maritime territorial governance in the South China Sea (SCS), reconstructing the concept of "time, space and movement" that has long been shackled on the land norms, and responding to the new materialist orientation of cultural and political geography. The results show that: (1) In terms of volume control in the SCS, island expansion is an effective strategy. The expansion of islands and reefs has folded the volume of the sea into a two-dimensional territory, controlling the three-dimensional space by flattening it, and changing the geographical and spatial nature of the SCS. (2) In terms of liquidity control in the SCS, due to the fluid, scale and depth characteristics of the sea, as well as the ambiguity of the legal boundary, it is more complicated to maintain maritime security in the SCS. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the corresponding regulatory strategy to control illegal liquidity. (3) In terms of the dynamic management and control in the SCS, attention should be paid to fishermen's unique ecological ethics, and the dialogue between different ontologies and information translation should be considered for marine protection, so that the protection behavior can be more closely integrated into the local social and cultural contexts. This study provides a critical perspective for marine territorial governance from political geography and promotes the study of the relationship between human beings in human geography.