都市近郊区旅游型乡村宅院功能演化特征及影响因素——以北京市怀柔区莲花池村为例

旅游型乡村宅院功能转变是乡村功能转型的显性表达,探究宅院功能转变的过程、特征和影响因素,对实现乡村旅游地可持续发展至关重要。论文以北京市怀柔区莲花池村为例,采取半结构式访谈、参与式观察、GIS空间分析和遥感影像相结合的方法,梳理了莲花池村2000—2020年149处宅院功能演化的具体过程,剖析了工商资本下乡背景下,此类乡村宅院功能转变特征和影响因素。结果表明：① 宅院功能演化在居住功能与旅游生产功能之间具有往复性,旅游业态类型从多元走向极化;② 宅院功能的空间分异,是资本实力和经营方式差异的空间投影,区位优劣对于不同经营业态而言具有相对性;③ 宅院功能变迁伴随着使用主体置换,外来者对于推动宅院功能升级作用显著;④ 政府政策和内、外资本对宅院功能转变的作用,表现出阶段性的主次、强弱、显隐差异。莲花池村宅院功能转变历经村外资本和政府双轮驱动、政府调控主导、政府管控和村内与村外资本竞争并行的3个阶段,农户从响应到顺应,最后退出经营。

Farmyard functional transformation of tourism villages in metropolitan suburbs and influencing factors: A case study of Lianhuachi Village in Beijing

Farmyard functional change is a dominant expression of rural functional transformation in tourism villages. It is of great significance to explore the spatial-temporal change characteristics and influencing factors of farmyard functional transformation to promote sustainable regional development. Taking Lianhuachi Village, a rural tourist resort in Huairou District of Beijing, as a case and using semistructured interview, GIS tools, and remote sensing images, this study examined the functional transformation process of 149 farmyards of the village during 2000-2020, and analyzed the functional transformation characteristics and influencing factors of such rural tourist villages under the background of industrial and commercial capital inflow to the countryside. The results show that: 1) The farmyards switched from residential function to tourism and productive functions repeatedly. The business forms of tourism changed from diversification to uniform. 2) The spatial differentiation of farmyard functions reflects the differences in investment intensity and management modes, and the advantages or disadvantages of a location are relative depending tourism forms. 3) The changes of farmyard functions were accompanied by the replacement of users, and outsiders played a significant role in promoting the upgrading of farmyard functions. 4) The impacts of government policies and internal and external capital inputs on the transformation of farmyard functions have phased characteristics, which in different periods can be primary or secondary, strong or weak, and obvious or implicit. The main driving factors of farmyard functional change in Lianhuachi Village can be identified in three stages: the joint actions of external capital and government policies, the dominance of government regulation, and government control and the competition of external and internal capitals. As a result, the farmers acted from active participation to passive compliance, and finally were forced to withdraw from the tourism business.