Über den Einfluß der Mikroflora auf die exogene Dynamik (Verwitterung und Krustenbildung) |
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Authors: | Dr Wolfgang E Krumbein |
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Institution: | (1) Würzburg;(2) Present address: Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Meeresstation, 2192 Helgoland |
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Abstract: | Zusammenfassung Geomikrobiologische Untersuchungen können zur Klärung vieler ungelöster Fragen des exogenen Kreislaufes der Elemente beitragen. Mikrobiologische Verwitterung und Krustenbildung finden in allen Klimabereichen der Erde statt, wobei der Einfluß der Mikroflora mehr oder weniger groß ist und von Fragen der Mikroenvironments und der beteiligten Arten abhängt. Zum Beispiel können Flechten vorwiegend gesteinsschützend (humides Klima) wirken oder tiefgreifende Zerstörungen (arides Klima) verursachen, je nach den angetroffenen edaphischen Bedingungen. Bei Untersuchungen zur Frage der Verwitterung und Krustenbildung im Negev (Israel) wurde festgestellt, daß das schwankende Gleichgewicht zwischen Oberflächenzerstörung, -konservierung oder -verkrustung in vielen Fällen durch die immer anwesende Mikroflora gesteuert wird. Die speziellen Licht- und Feuchtigkeitsbedingungen in ariden Gebieten begünstigen in besonderem Maße die Entwicklung eines Pionieredaphons aus Flechten, Blaualgen und Pilzen.Die Verwitterung anstehender Kalke und der sogenannten Wüstenpflaster (desert pavements) wird durch biologische Lösungsfronten eingeleitet und gesteuert, an denen Strauchflechten, Krustenflechten, endolithische Flechten, isoliert lebende hypolithische, chasmolithische und endolithische Algen (insbes. Cyanophyceen), Pilze und Bakterien beteiligt sind. In den Bereichen größter Verwitterungsintensität leben gleichzeitig die größten Mikroorganismenpopulationen. Auch die Entstehung von Eisen-Mangan-Krusten (Wüstenlack) im Negev und verschiedenen anderen Bereichen wird auf die Tätigkeit von eisen- und manganfällenden Flechten, Algen, Pilzen und Bakterien zurückgeführt. Da diese Eisen-Mangan-Fällungen weltweit verbreitet und in ihrer Ausbildung nur wenig unterschieden sind, können sie nicht als paläoklimatische Indikatoren verwendet werden.Die Vorgänge von Lösung und Fällung in ariden Gebieten, die bisher durch das Wechselspiel zwischen Erhitzung und Abkühlung sowie Befeuchtung und Evaporisation gedeutet wurden, werden zumindest in großen Teilen der heutigen Wüsten stark durch das mikrobiologische Pionieredaphon beeinflußt. Die heftige mikrobiologische Manganfällung, die im Bereich der meisten untersuchten Eisen-Mangan-Krusten nachgewiesen wurde, erklärt zwanglos die häufigen anormalen Schwankungen im Eisen-Mangan-Verhältnis sowie die Anreicherung dieser Elemente auf Gesteinen, die nahezu eisen- und manganfrei sind.
Geomicrobiological investigations contribute to the solution of many open problems concerning the cycle of elements (i. e. weathering and deposition of minerals). Microbial weathering and crust development take place in all regions and under all climates of the earth. The part which the microflora takes in the whole process is dependant on microclimate, environment and composition of the rocks concerned. E. g. lichens in humid climates usually protect rocks from weathering while the same organism is one of the most effective deterioration agencies under arid climatic conditions.During some investigations in the Negev (Israel) we found that the instable equilibrium between surface corrosion, surface conservation and crust development is often controlled by microbial activities. The special conditions of light and humidity in desert regions favour especially the development of lichens, blue-green algae and fungi.The weathering of outcropping limestones and of the rocks of desert pavements is initiated and directed by biological solution fronts , which are composed of hypolithic lichens, endolithic lichens, hypolithic, chasmolithic and endolithic algae, fungi and bacteria. Regions of extreme weathering on the stones are simultaneously the places of the largest microbial populations. The development of iron-manganese-crusts (i. e. desert varnish) in the Negev (Israel) and in different regions of all climates is proved to be often connected to microbial activities. Lichens, algae and some special fungi and bacteria which precipitate Manganese and iron have been isolated from 11 samples of iron-manganese-crusts. Since these phenomena are world-wide distributed, they cannot be regarded as paleoclimatic indicators.The processes of solution and precipitation in arid regions, which have been regarded until now as purely physico-chemical (heating and cooling, wetting and evaporisation) have improved to be very often influenced by microbial activities. The intensive precipitation of Mn by microorganisms which live within iron-manganese-crusts explains the abnormal fluctuations of Fe/Mn-ratios in iron-manganese-crusts (desert varnishes) and the enrichment of iron and Manganese on rocks, which are nearly free of these elements.--![Kcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1050.gif) ![rcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1090.gif) ![kcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1088.gif) ![zhcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1078.gif) ![acy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1085.gif) 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![vcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zhcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1078.gif) ![ncy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1072.gif) ![rcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1080.gif) ![dcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1099.gif) ![jcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1081.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1073.gif) ![lcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1089.gif) ![pcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1073.gif) ![scy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ucy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1091.gif) ![yucy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1102.gif) ![rcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1079.gif) ![vcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1080.gif) ![icy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![chcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1095.gif) ![vcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1099.gif) ![mcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1084.gif) ![icy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1082.gif) ![rcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1075.gif) ![acy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1079.gif) ![mcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) (![lcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1080.gif) ![shcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1096.gif) ![acy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1072.gif) ![jcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1081.gif) ![ncy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) , ![scy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1089.gif) ![icy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1079.gif) ![iecy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ycy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1099.gif) ![vcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1077.gif) ![gcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1075.gif) ![rcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1080.gif) ![bcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1073.gif) ![kcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ), ![kcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ycy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1088.gif) ![vcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1099.gif) ![mcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1084.gif) ![zcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1083.gif) ![yacy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1103.gif) ![yucy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1102.gif) ![ecy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1101.gif) ![tcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1073.gif) ![lcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1090.gif) . ![Vcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1042.gif) ![ycy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1099.gif) ![vcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1080.gif) ![icy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1079.gif) ![vcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ncy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1085.gif) ![yacy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1103.gif) ![kcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ucy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1091.gif) ![scy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ycy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1099.gif) ![ncy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1099.gif) ![mcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1099.gif) (desert pavements) ![vcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ncy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1072.gif) ![iecy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1077.gif) ![gcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1075.gif) ![ucy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1091.gif) ![lcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1080.gif) ![rcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1089.gif) ![bcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1073.gif) ![icy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1075.gif) ![icy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1084.gif) ![pcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tscy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1094.gif) ![iecy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1089.gif) ![scy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1089.gif) ![acy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1072.gif) ![mcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1084.gif) , ![kcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ycy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1099.gif) ![ncy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1072.gif) ![icy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1080.gif) ![bcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1100.gif) ![shcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1096.gif) ![ucy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1091.gif) ![rcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1080.gif) ![gcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1075.gif) ![rcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1072.gif) ![iecy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zhcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1078.gif) ![icy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ncy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1079.gif) ![lcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1095.gif) ![ncy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1099.gif) ![lcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1080.gif) ![shcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1096.gif) ![acy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1072.gif) ![jcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1081.gif) ![ncy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) , ![vcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1077.gif) , ![gcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1075.gif) ![rcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1080.gif) ![bcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1073.gif) ![kcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1073.gif) ![acy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1072.gif) ![kcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1080.gif) . ![bcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1073.gif) ![lcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1090.gif) ![yacy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1103.gif) ![scy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1089.gif) ![acy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1072.gif) ![mcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1100.gif) ![shcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1096.gif) ![icy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1089.gif) ![icy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ncy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1099.gif) ![vcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1074.gif) ![scy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1077.gif) ![chcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1095.gif) ![acy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1072.gif) ![yucy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1102.gif) ![tcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ncy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1072.gif) ![icy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1080.gif) ![bcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1073.gif) 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, ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ncy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1072.gif) ![rcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ucy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1091.gif) ![zhcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1078.gif) ![iecy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1100.gif) ![icy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/qr3800r467u88541/xxlarge1090.gif) 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Résumé Les recherches géomicrobiologiques peuvent résoudre plusieurs questions indécises du cycle éxogène des éléments. L'altération microbiologique et le developpement des croûtes influencé par des microorganismes ont lieu partout dans le monde. L'influence de la microflore dépend du milieu et des éspèces participantes. Les lichens par exemple peuvent être protéctants (climat humide) ou bien détériorants (climat aride) dépendant des conditions concernées.Pendant des recherches sur l'altération et le développement des Croûtes au Négév (Israel) nous avons constaté que l'équilibre instable entre détérioration et conservation des surfaces et le developpement des croûtes est souvant controllé par la microflore exo- et endolithique. Les conditions spéciales de lumière, température et humidité dans les régions désertiques sont souvent extrèmement positives pour lichens, algues bleu-vertes et champignons.L'altération des calcaires en place et sur les hammada (desert pavement) est souvent déclenchée et controllèe par des «zônes de solution biologique» qui pénètrent les pierres. Ces zônes de solution sont composées de lichens de surface, lichens endolithiques, algues hypolithiques, chasmolithiques et endolithiques, par champignons et bactéries. Dans les régions d'altération intensive la microflore est la plus nombreuse. Le développement des croûtes mangano-férrugineuses au Négév (Israel) et ailleurs est produit souvent par des lichens, champignons et bactéries qui précipitent fer et manganèse. En 11 parmi 14 échantillons nous avons isolé des organismes (champignons et bactéries) qui précipitent du manganèse en culture de laboratoire. Parceque ces croûtes de fer et manganèse sont distribuées partout sur le monde entier on ne peut pas les comprendre comme indices de paléoclimatologie.Les processus de solution et précipitation en zones arides, qu'on a compris jusqu'à présent comme résultat d'insolation et d'évaporisation, sont au moins partiellement produits par la microflore abondante. La précipitation intensive de manganèse par la microflore des croûtes mangano-ferrugineuses explique aisément les fluctuations anormales des proportions Fe/Mn dans les croûtes et l'enrichissement de ces élements sur des roches qui ne contiennent pas de fer et manganèse.
Für freundliche Hilfe bei den Arbeiten in Israel danke ich besonders Prof. Dr. M.Evenari, Prof. Dr. Y. K.Bentor, Prof. Dr. M.Shilo, Prof. Dr. L.Picard, Z.Garfunkel und A.Katz. Für technische Hilfe danke ich U.Grütze und G.Tadday. Für die Reise standen mir Zuschüsse von der DFG zur Verfügung. |
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