珠三角新晋跨境制造业企业地理集聚与区位选择

珠三角的跨境资本因其文化多元性、地缘特殊性而受到国际经济地理学家的广泛关注,“多元资本主义”等多种理论框架被提出以解释其特殊性。然而,由于数据、方法的限制,相关研究多停留于理论及定性探讨层面,基于微观企业样点的研究较为欠缺,特别是纳入企业异质性等新经济因素的定量模型研究更为缺乏。论文基于微观企业样点数据,综合考虑传统一般经济因素与制度、集聚、创新、企业异质性等新经济因素,采用核密度分析方法以及空间回归分析,研究了2005—2009、2009—2013年2个时段的珠三角新晋跨境制造业企业(new-born cross-border manufacturing firms, NCMF)的空间分布格局与差异,并重点关注金融危机前后(2005—2009年)这一特殊的经济转型时期,珠三角NCMF区位选择的影响机制。结果表明：①珠三角NCMF的空间集聚程度较以往有所降低,2005—2009年与2009—2013年2个时段的NCMF在结构与分布特征上呈现出较大的差异,热点区位在2005年后开始由珠三角东岸地区向西岸拓展,2009年后则再次呈现以东岸为主的集聚特征;②金融危机前后,珠三角的发展动力发生了根本性的变化,以往吸引跨境制造业企业的劳动力成本优势与开发区政策优势逐步弱化,而集聚因素、创新因素以及企业异质性成为影响跨境制造业企业空间集聚与区位选择的关键影响因素;③处于动力转换期的珠三角,需要通过构建完善的制度环境、建立创新网络、增强要素集聚、根据企业偏好制定多元化引资政策来重新获得发展的新优势。论文旨在从企业微观层面揭示经济区域内部的外商直接投资区位,同时也为理解转型时期中国以珠三角为代表的外向型经济区域的动力转换与空间重构提供实证参考。

Geographical agglomeration and location factors of the new-born cross-border manufactural firms in the Pearl River Delta

The cross-border capital of the Pearl River Delta has received extensive attention from international economic geographers because of its cultural diversity and geopolitical specificity. The theoretical model of "hybrid capitalism" was proposed base on this. However, due to the limitations of data and methods, relevant research mostly stays at the level of theoretical and qualitative exploration. The research based on firm-level samples is deficient, especially quantitative models that incorporate the new economic factors such as firm heterogeneity. Based on the sample data of enterprises, this study synthetically considered the traditional economic factors and new economic factors such as institution, agglomeration, innovation, and firm heterogeneity. In order to explain the mechanism of foreign direct investment (FDI) location choice from the firm level, we also combined a spatial analysis method and spatial regression model. Kernel density spatial analysis and spatial lag modeling based on firm samples were conducted to uncover the geographical agglomeration characteristics and location factors of the new-born cross-border manufacturing firms (NCMF) in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) during 2005-2009 and 2009-2013. To explore the location choice mechanism of FDI in the transitional period, we also focused on the impact mechanism of location choice of NCMF in the PRD before and after the global financial crisis (2005-2009). The main results are as follow: 1) The spatial agglomeration of the NCMF in the PRD is lower than before. The NCMF in the two periods of 2005-2009 and 2009-2013 showed great differences in structure and distribution characteristics. The hotspot of firm distribution began to expand from the east coast of the PRD to the west side after 2005, and after 2009, firm agglomeration in the east coast was again obvious. 2) After the global financial crisis, the development momentum of the PRD has undergone fundamental changes. The advantages of low labor cost and preferential policies of development zones that attracted cross-border manufacturing firms have gradually weakened, while agglomeration factors, innovation factors, and firm heterogeneity have become the key factors that affect the spatial agglomeration and location choice of NCMF. 3) In the period of a dynamic transformation, the Pearl River Delta needs to regain its new advantages of development by building a sound institutional environment, establishing innovation networks, enhancing factor agglomeration, and formulating diversified investment policies according to firm preferences. This study examined the location choice of FDI within the economic region using the firm-level data, and may provide an empirical reference for understanding the dynamic transformation and spatial reconstruction of the export-oriented economic region represented by the Pearl River Delta in China during the transition period.