人类土地利用的主要生态后果及其缓解对策

通过对土地利用尤其是以集约农业为主的土地利用已经产生的陆地生态系统生物侵入、生物多样性损失及碳循环、氮循环和水循环改变等生态后果的综述。主要论述了物种特性及其组成的改变对生态系统的影响及不同特性物种组成对土地利用带来的负面环境效应响应的特点。提出了在建立可持续土地利用的框架体系下,发展精确农业为特色的可持续农业和恢复重建退化生态系统等对策来调控不合理土地利用的负面环境效应。

The Impacts of Land Utilization on Earth Land Ecosystem and the Strategies

Land utilization has increasingly caused some serious ecological consequences such as biological invasion,loss of biodiversity and alternation of carbon,nitrogen and water cycles in Earth terrestrial ecosystems, which brings great challenge to our human sustainable development. In this article, worldwide land utilization especially intensive agriculture and their impacts on the biological invasion, loss of diversity and biogeochemistry cycles including carbon, nitrogen and water cycle were reviewed. Additionally, how do the species response to the disturbances of land utilization were presented. The results show that: First, land utilization especially intensive agriculture speeds up the biological invasion and loss of biodiversity and causes the alternation of structures of terrestrial ecosystem; Second, biogeochemistry cycles such as carbon, nitrogen and water are also accelerated by land utilization which lead to alternation of terrestrial ecosystem function; Third, species which are similar to one another in their effects on ecosystem processes but differ in their response to the environment changes have stronger ability to keep ecosystem stable than those that similar in their response to the environment changes; Finally we propose that under establishing sustainable land utilization framework, the development of sustainable agriculture and restoration of degraded ecosystems are the important strategies to ameliorate the negative land utilization impacts on the Earth terrestrial ecosystems.