In-situ LA-ICP-MS trace elemental analyses of magnetite: Cu-(Au,Fe) deposits in the Khetri copper belt in Rajasthan Province,NW India

Magnetite is common in many ore deposits and their host rocks, and is useful for petrogenetic studies. In the Khetri copper belt in Rajasthan Province, NW India, there are several Cu-(Au, Fe) deposits associated with extensive Cu ± Fe ± Au ± Ag ± Co ± REE ± U mineralization hosted in phyllites, schists and quartzites of the Paleoproterozoic Delhi Supergroup. Ore bodies of these deposits comprise dominantly disseminated and vein-type Cu-sulfide ores composed of chalcopyrite, pyrite, and pyrrhotite intergrown with minor magnetite. There are also Fe-oxide ores with minor or no Cu-sulfides, which are locally overprinted by the mineral assemblage of the Cu-sulfide ores. In addition to the Fe-oxide and Cu-sulfide ores, the protolith of the Delhi Supergroup includes banded iron formations (BIFs) with original magnetite preserved (i.e. magnetite-quartzites) and their sheared counterparts. In the sheared magnetite-quartzites, their magnetite and quartz are mobilized and redistributed to magnetite and quartz bands. Trace elemental compositions of magnetite from these types of ores/rocks were obtained by LA-ICP-MS. The dataset indicates that different types of magnetite have distinct concentrations of Ti, Al, Mg, Mn, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Zn, Cu, P, Ge and Ga, which are correlated to their forming environments. Magnetite grains in magnetite-quartzites have relatively high Al (800–8000 ppm), Ti (150–900 ppm) and V (300–600 ppm) contents compared to those of BIFs in other regions such as the Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia and Labrador, Canada. The high Al, Ti and V contents can be explained by precipitation of the magnetite from relatively reduced, Al–Ti-rich water possibly involving hotter, seafloor hydrothermal fluids derived from submarine mafic volcanic rocks. Magnetite in sheared magnetite-quartzites is generally irregular and re-crystallized, and has Ni, Mn, Al, Cu and P contents lower than the magnetite from the unsheared counterparts, suggesting that the shearing-related mobilization is able to extract these elements from original magnetite. However, elevated contents of Ti, V, Co, Cr, Ge and Mg of the magnetite in the sheared magnetite-quartzites can be ascribed to involvement of external hydrothermal fluids during the shearing, consistent with occurrence of some hydrothermal minerals in the samples.Compositions of magnetite from the Fe-oxide and Cu-sulfide ores are interpreted to be controlled mainly by fluid compositions and/or oxygen fugacity (fO₂). Other potential controlling factors such as temperature, fluid–rock interaction and co-precipitating minerals have very limited impacts. Magnetite in the Cu-sulfide ores has higher V but lower Ni contents than that of the Fe-oxide ores, likely indicating its precipitation from relatively reduced, evolved fluids. However, it is also indicated that the two types of magnetite do not show large distinctions in terms of concentrations of most elements, suggesting that they may have precipitated from a common, evolving fluid. We propose a combination of Ge versus Ti/Al and Cr versus Co/Ni co-variation plots to discriminate different types of magnetite from the Khetri copper belt. Our work agrees well with previous studies that compositions of magnetite can be potentially useful for provenance studies, but also highlights that discrimination schemes would be more meaningful for deposits in a certain region if fluid/water chemistry and specific formation conditions reflected in compositions of magnetite are clearly understood.