中国新近纪大型植食性哺乳动物演化和生物地层

中国新近纪大型植食性哺乳动物包括长鼻目、蹄兔目、奇蹄目、偶蹄目4个目至少32科，超过300种。它们在全球的演化和迁徙受到新近纪全球气候改变的驱动以及海陆分布的影响，各门类组成和地理分布由古近纪的古老面貌向第四纪的现代面貌转变。长鼻目和蹄兔目是非洲起源的类群；中国蹄兔目的种类和地史分布非常局限，但非常特化；中国的长鼻目则相当繁盛，成为长鼻类的第二演化中心和跨洲交流的十字路口。奇蹄目和偶蹄目是欧亚大陆起源的类群；相比古近纪，奇蹄类在新近纪持续衰落，但马科和犀科的多样性高，演化速率快，成为地层对比的标志性类群；偶蹄类则呈持续繁荣的状态，特别是反刍的优势使鹿科和牛科达到非常高的多样性，成为新近纪大型植食性哺乳动物中占优势的类群。中国新近纪大型植食性哺乳动物各门类中的现代类型均在山旺阶开始适应辐射，时间上对应于中中新气候适宜期，到通古尔阶中中新气候转型期开始多样性下降，在通古尔和灞河阶界线上发生了大型哺乳动物的灭绝和重组事件，90 % 的类群灭绝；至灞河阶下部，开阔生态系统成为中国北方的主导，产生了早期适应开阔环境的哺乳动物群，并逐渐扩散到全球；保德阶上部气候转湿润，诱发了南方哺乳动物群的北迁事件，并持续到高庄阶；至麻则沟阶开始出现了大量的现生属。青藏高原的隆升使当地在上新世时产生了适应寒冷气候的高原动物群，成为第四纪冰期动物群的先声。

Large herbivorous mammals in the Neogene of China and their biostratigraphy

This article focuses on the large herbivorous mammals(LHM)across all Neogene and throughout China, and all known LHM taxa and their occurrences were reviewed. The Chinese Neogene large herbivorous mammals(LHM)include at least 32 families and more than 300 species. They belong to four orders: Hyracoidea, Proboscidea, Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla. Their evolution and migration were highly controlled by the global tectonic events and climate changes during the Neogene. The Hyracoidea and Proboscidea were African origin. The diversity and geohistorical distributions of the Hyracoidea was very restricted, but highly specialized. The proboscideans, on the other hand, were rather prosperous. The China region was a crossroads for proboscidean exchange among several continents, and became a second evolutionary center of proboscideans. The Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla were Eurasian origin. Compared to the Palaeocene, the perissodactyls continuously declined during the Neogene. However, Equidae and Rhinocerotidae show very high diversities and rapid evolutionary rates, and are very informative in biostratigraphic correlations. The Artiodactyla on the other hand had continued to flourish, particularly attributed to the great succession of ruminants, especially for the highly diversity of Cervidae and Bovidae during the Neogene. The major radiation of LHM began at the base Shanwangian Stage, corresponding to the Mid-Miocene Climate Optimum. In the Tunggurian Stage, LHM gradually lost the diversity, because of the climate transition during this time. The major turnover of LHM occurred at the boundary of Tunggurian and Bahean where ca. 90 % taxa were extinct. The open ecosystems dominated the Northern China at the lower Bahean, giving rise to a new assemblage of LHM that adapted to the open environment. It further spread to the Northern Hemisphere as the open ecosystems enlarged during the Late Neogene. However, beginning from the upper Baodean Stage, the Northern China became humid, which prompted a northward migration of LHM from the Southern China. This trend continuestly existed during the Gauzhuangian. At the Mazegouan Stage, some living genera appeared. The uplift of the Tibetan Plateau in the Pliocene further produced a mammalian assemblage adapted to the cold climate, which was a precursor of the Quaternary ice age fauna. During the Neogene, Northern China was dominated by relative open and arid conditions, occurring earlier than elsewhere of the world. Local mammalian faunas from Northern China were generated in these conditions, and then migrated to the other regions of the Northern Hemisphere, accompanied with the global cooling, leading to the major turnovers of the mammalian faunas in global scale.